Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Human Osteology |
Broad term referring to the study of human bones |
|
|
Skeletal Biology |
More specific term that includes the study of: 1. growth and development of bone 2. bone remodeling 3. age changes to bone 4. sexual dimorphism 5. population variation |
|
|
The human skeletal system is composed of: |
Bone and cartilage |
|
|
Adults have roughly this many bones: |
206 |
|
|
The FOUR functions of the skeletal system: |
1. provides a rigid supporting framework for the body and protects vital organs 2. provides a mechanical basis for movement at joints through skeletal muscle contractions 3. stores calcium and phosphorus 4. forms blood cells in bone marrow |
|
|
All anatomical descriptions are expressed in relation to the __________ ________ to insure that the descriptions are not ambiguous. |
anatomical position |
|
|
Anatomical position is defined as: |
-standing upright -head, eyes, and toes directed anteriorly (forward) -upper limbs by the sides with the palms facing anteriorly (forward) -lower limbs close together with the feet parallel |
|
|
Anatomical descriptions are based on four imaginary ______ that intersect the body in anatomical position |
Planes |
|
|
Median Plane |
The vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves (mid-sagittal plane) |
|
|
Sagittal Plane |
Pass through the body parallel to the median plane |
|
|
Frontal (or coronal) Plane |
are vertical planes that divide it into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions |
|
|
Transverse (horizontal or axial) Plane |
Horizontal planes that divide the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions Think: a magician cutting it's assistant in half |
|
|
Superior (Cranial) |
nearer to head |
|
|
Inferior (Caudal) |
nearer the feet |
|
|
Anterior (Ventral) |
nearer the front |
|
|
Posterior (Dorsal) |
nearer the back |
|
|
Medial |
nearer the median plane |
|
|
Lateral |
farther from the medial plane |
|
|
Proximal |
nearer the trunk (along a limb) |
|
|
Distal |
farther from truck (along a limb) |
|
|
Superficial |
nearer to or on surface |
|
|
Deep |
farther from surface |
|
|
Intermediate |
between superficial and deep |
|
|
Dorsum |
surface of hand or foot toward back in quadrupedal position |
|
|
Palm |
anterior surface of hand |
|
|
Sole (Plantar) |
inferior surface of foot |
|
|
Axial Skeleton |
-bones of the head (cranium or skull) -bones of the neck (cervical vertebrae, hyoid) -bones of the trunk (ribs, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, and sacrum) |
|
|
Appendicular Skeleton |
-bones of the limbs -includes bones that form the pectoral (shoulder) girdle and pelvic girdle |
|
|
Mesial (teeth) |
along the tooth row toward the midline |
|
|
Distal (teeth) |
toward the back of the tooth row |
|
|
Lingual (teeth) |
toward tongue |
|
|
Buccal/Labial (teeth) |
toward cheek or lip |
|
|
Occlusal (teeth) |
top surface of tooth |
|
|
Subocclusal (teeth) |
root of tooth |
|
|
Long Bones |
Bones of the limbs |
|
|
Structure of Long Bones
The trabecular bone of subadults contains ___ (_____________) ______that produces red and white blood cells and platelets. |
red (hematopoietic) marrow |
|
|
Structure of Long Bones
The _________ ______ primarily contains ______ ______. |
medullary cavity and yellow marrow |
|
|
Structure of Flat and Irregular Bones
Three Parts of Brain Case: |
-tabula externa (outer surface) -tabula interna (inner surface) -diploe (spongy bone of the skull) |
|
|
Short Bones |
Bones of the wrist and ankle |
|
|
Flat Bones |
Bones of the braincase |
|
|
Irregular Bones |
Bones of the face and pelvis |
|
|
Sesamoid Bones |
Patella (kneecap)
A bone that develops in (out of) tendon |
|
|
Structure of Long (i.e. Tubular) Bones
4 Primary Parts of a Long Bone |
-diaphysis (shaft) -epiphysis (end section) -metaphysis (where end meets shaft) -articular surface (where long bone comes into contact with other bone) |
|
|
During life, the outer surface of bones is usually covered with a thin, highly vascularized tissue called the __________. |
Periosteum |
|
|
The inner surface of the bones is lined with a highly vascularized membrane called the _________. |
Endosteum |
|
|
Both preiosteum and endosteum are __________ tissues (i.e., they contain bone-forming cells that are numerous and active during youth). |
Osteogenic |
|
|
Internal Parts of Long Bone |
-cortical (compact) bone: thickest part of bone -subchondral bone: compact bone covered by cartilage -trabecular (cancellous or spongy) bone -medullary cavity: open area of a dry bone |
|
|
The trabecular bone of subadults contain ___ (_____________) ______ that produces red and white blood cells and platelets. |
Red (hematopoietic) marrow |
|
|
The _________ ______ primarily contains ______ ______. |
Medullary cavity and yellow marrow |
|
|
Structure of Flat and Irregular Bones Brain Case: |
-tabula externa (outer surface) -tabula interna (inner surface) -diploe (spongy bone of the skull) |
|
|
Haversian Canal |
-Hollow channel in center of each haversian system -Contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves |
|
|
Lamellae |
-Concentric circles surrounding a haversian canal |
|
|
Lacunae |
-Small cavities found within each lamella -Harbor osteocytes, living bone cells |
|
|
Canaliculi |
-Fluid-filled canals radiating outward from haversian canals |
|
|
Bone is a composite of two materials, one _______ and one _________. |
organic and inorganic |
|
|
Collagen |
-Makes up 90% of the organic component of bone -Molecules intertwine to form flexible fibers in bone |
|
|
Hydroxyapatite |
-Mineral component of none (a form of calcium phosphate) -Crystals of hydroxyapatite are interwoven into the collagen matrix |
|
|
Osteoblasts |
-Build bone tissue -Make up osteoid (pre-bone tissue) |
|
|
Osteoclasts |
-Eat bone away -Responsible for the resorption (removal) of bone |
|
|
Osteoid |
Pre-bone tissue |
