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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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provirus |
viral DNA that can insert itself into host cell; once infected, always infected gets stuck at uncoating phase |
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HIV virus type |
enveloped |
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3 examples of proviruses |
1. herpes virus 2. papillomaviruses 3. retroviruses |
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Herpes virus type and contents |
enveloped; contains DNA |
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Papillomavirus virus type and contents |
naked; contains DNA |
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Retroviruses type and contents |
enveloped, contain RNA and the enzyme reverse transcriptase |
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Give an example of how a herpes virus infection (a provirus) would work |
100 viruses transmitted; 50 go through entire infection sequence and cause cold sore, the other 50 remain stuck at uncoating state inside the cell |
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In order for a provirus to cause an infection later on, what has to happen? |
The person with the provirus stuck at uncoating stage has to experience some level of lowered immunity. Then the latent virus will continue the remainder of the infection process, causing signs and symptoms |
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Use genital herpes to explain when a provirus is transmissable |
genital herpes are usually painful during an active outbreak, so pt knows it is active. However, many also report a tingling sensation just prior to an active outbreak. It is from this point that the herpes virus is transmissable |
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Other than cold sores and genital herpes, what else can herpes virus cause? |
chicken pox / shingles |
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differentiate chicken pox and shingles |
chicken pox- usually affects children, itchy rash shingles- activated latent virus usually affects older adults, causes painful rash usually on one side of body above waist |
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What diseases can Papillomavirus cause? |
HPV warts genital warts cancer (cervical, penile, anal, oral/throat) |
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Give an example of a retrovirus? |
HIV |
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If retroviruses don't contain DNA, how do they insert DNA into the host? |
They have 2 copies of RNA and 2 copies of reverse transcriptase (an enzyme). They use this enzyme to reverse transcription of their RNA into DNA, which can then be inserted into host cell DNA |
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Possible effects of proviruses: |
1. latency 2. reactivation/recurrence 3. cancer |
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How do proviruses cause cancer? |
Cancer is essentially any cell that reproduces without stop. When proviruses insert their DNA into the host cell's DNA, this can mess up their DNA, causing codes for start or stop to be absent, allowing cells to reproduce without stop |
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What are interferons? When/in what stage are they made? |
substances created by cell during the building viral parts phase of infection. Interferon is a part of immune defense and interferes with viral infection |
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How does interferon interfere with viral infection? |
Once host cell releases, both the viruses and interferon are released. If the interferon arrives at next cell first, the virus will not be able to infect that cell |
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What does interferon limit? |
It limits the amount of cells that can be infected by a virus |
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Is the cell that produces the interferon protected by it? Why or why not? |
No, the cell that made interferon is not protected. In order for interferon to stop viral infection of a cell, it has to get there first. In the cell that made it, it made it in response to already being infected with the virus. |
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Complications in using interferon to treat viral infection |
- large doses of interferon are needed, as it gets somewhat diluted en route to its target site - massive doses of interferon cause side effects and interfere with the rest of normal immune response |
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What disease is interferon used to treat? |
Hepatitis C |
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What are the TORCH agents? |
Toxoplasma gondii (protozoa) Others Rubella virus (German measles) Cytomegalovirus Herpes simplex |
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What is significant about TORCH agents |
They can cross the placental barrier, causing infection in fetus/newborn |
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What is the common name for Herpes simplex? |
genital herpes |
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What "others" are TORCH agents? |
HIV, syphilis (bacteria), 5th disease (virus), chicken pox (virus) |
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What is 5th diseas |
causes low grade fever and weird rash in kids but in fetus/newborn can cause infection of RBCs, causing a specific sever type on anemia that may neccessitate blood transfusion at birth for survival |
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With the exception of HIV, what has to happen with TORCH agents for the pregnant mom to pass it on to her fetus? |
She has to be exposed to the virus for the first time during pregnancy |
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Why are HIV an exception to the initial exposure during pregnancy rule? |
Because HIV is a retrovirus/provirus, so it is already in pregnant mom if she had it |
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chicken pox is also a provirus. Is it also an exception to the initial exposure during pregnancy rule? |
No. Although it is a provirus, it isn't a retrovirus so unless immunity weakened, it would be harmless |
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disease |
a change from a normal, healthy state |
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infectious disease |
disease caused by pathogen |
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emerging infectious diseases |
an infectious disease that is of current concern |
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4 ways an infectious disease could be considered 'emerging' |
1. new (since 1970s) 2. changed (ex: now antibiotic resistant) 3. increase in incidences 4. Might see an increase in incidences |
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examples of emerging diseases that are NEW |
- HIV/AIDS -bird flu -ebola -prion diseases -SARS -West Nile |
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Examples of emerging diseases that have CHANGED |
- MRSA - C-diff - CRE -VRE |
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What is CRE? |
an enterobacteriaceae infection that is highly resistant to many antibiotics; specifically carbapenem resistant. carbapenem is an antibiotic used to treat serious infections and id often called antibiotic of last resort |
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What is VRE? |
vancomycin resistant enterococci normal microbiota in intestines and female genital tract, as well as environment vancomycin is used to treat enterococci infections, but these have become resistant |
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Examples of emerging infectious diseases that are due to an increase in incidence? |
-measles outbreak at Disney - Whooping cough |
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incidence |
increase in number of NEW cases |
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What are some examples of emerging diseases due to the POSSIBILITY of Increase in Incidence? |
- a pandemic flu -bioterrorism (We don't see it here yet, but it could be coming) |
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pandemic |
world-wide (at least 2 continents) |
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What are many (but not all) emerging infecious diseases caused by? |
Viruses |
