Biol 223 Exam 3

Front 1

Filum terminale

Back 1

Keeps the spinal cord taught

Front 2

Cauda equina

Back 2

Largely controls the limbs, has lots of receptors

Front 3

Dura mater

Back 3

Most superficial and thickest membrane made of dense irregular CT

Front 4

Name the meningial layers

Back 4

Dura, arachnoid, pia

Front 5

Arachnoid mater

Back 5

Middle layer, thin, avascular, made of cells, fibers

Front 6

Pia mater

Back 6

Innermost layer, adheres to CNS, has many blood vessels

Front 7

What does the subdural space contain

Back 7

Serous fluid

Front 8

What does the subarachnoid space contain

Back 8

Blood vessels and CSF

Front 9

White matter is made of

Back 9

Myelinated axons

Front 10

CSF travels through the

Back 10

Central canal

Front 11

What does gray matter contain

Back 11

Cell bodies, interneurons, dendrites, axons, it is the site of integration

Front 12

Anterior gray horn has

Back 12

Somatic motor nuclei

Front 13

Lateral gray horn has

Back 13

Sympathetic motor nuclei

Front 14

Posterior gray horn has

Back 14

Incoming sensory neurons and interneurons

Front 15

Ganglion have what in them

Back 15

Cell bodies

Front 16

Anterior roots of the spinal nerve are for

Back 16

Exiting somatic motor signals

Front 17

Posterior roots of the spinal nerve are for

Back 17

Incoming sensory information

Front 18

The chicken pox virus can reside in the peripheral nerves for decades and then cause shingles in one area of the skin. How do we know it travels through the sensory spinal nerves?

Back 18

It's because there is localized pain, you don't get pain in the central nerves, it's hiding in the ganglion

Front 19

Contralateral

Back 19

Origin and destination are on opposite sides of the body

EX: like if you step on a tac, your hurt leg retracts but the opposite leg extends so you don't fall

Front 20

Ipsilateral

Back 20

Origin and destination are on the same side

EX: if you burn your finger you pull it away

Front 21

4 properties of reflexes

Back 21

Requires stimulation, they're quick, involuntary, they're stereotyped

Front 22

The reflex arc parts

Back 22

1. Sensory receptor gets a stimulus

2. Sensory neurons conduct AP through nerve and dorsal root to spinal cord

3. Sensory neuron synapses with interneurons

4. Interneurons synapse with motor neuron

5. Motor neuron conducts AP through ventral root and spinal nerve to an effector organ

Front 23

Stretch reflex steps

Back 23

1. Muscle spindles detect stretch of muscles

2. Sensory neurons conduct AP to the spinal cord

3. Sensory neurons synapse directly with motor neurons

4. Motor neurons conduct AP to the muscle, causing it to contract and resist stretch

Front 24

Stretch reflex

Back 24

When stretched, increase in muscle tone maintains equilibrium and posture, reciprocal innervation prevents conflict in antagonist muscles

Front 25

Golgi tendon reflex

Back 25

It's the forced relaxation in a muscle and contraction of antagonist muscle to prevent tendon tear

Front 26

Withdrawal reflex

Back 26

Withdraws parts of the body in response to pain

Front 27

Parallel after discharge circuit

Back 27

Removes body part before consciously aware of pain

Front 28

Crossed extensor reflex

Back 28

Allows you to keep your balance through ispilateral or contralateral means

Front 29

Neurotransmitters produce what to modify the reflex

Back 29

EPSPs or IPSPs

Front 30

4 Properties of spinal nerves

Back 30

Bundles of axons are surrounded by schwann cells

Each axon is surrounded by endoneurium

Fascicles surrounded by perineurium

All fascicles are surrounded by epineurium

Front 31

How are spinal nerves named

Back 31

Named for where they exit

Front 32

Dermatomes

Back 32

Areas of skin innervate by a spinal nerve

Front 33

If a patient had damage below C7, can they still ventilate? (diaphragm exits C3-C5)

Back 33

Yes, the diaphragm is unaffected

Front 34

Communicating rami

Back 34

Communicate with sympathetic chain ganglia

Front 35

Dorsal ramus

Back 35

Innervate the skin and deep muscles of the back

Front 36

Ventral ramus

Back 36

Control depends on the level of the body

Front 37

What are the two enlargements and what do they do

Back 37

Cervical and lumbosacral, they control upper and lower limbs respectively

Front 38

What does higher thinking

Back 38

Cerebrum

Front 39

What connects the hemispheres of the brain

Back 39

Corpus callosum

Front 40

What executes information into action

Back 40

Cerebellum

Front 41

Inner meningeal layer of dura mater

Back 41

forms dural sac around spinal cord

Front 42

Subarachnoid space

Back 42

Separates arachnoid mater from pia mater and contains villi to reabsorb CSF

Front 43

Falx cerebelli

Back 43

Seperates the right and left halves of the cerebellum

Front 44

Tentorium cerebelli

Back 44

Seperates cerebrum and cerebellum so it won't crush it

Front 45

Falx cerebri

Back 45

Seperates the two cerebral hemispheres

Front 46

The lateral ventricles lead into

Back 46

The third ventricle

Front 47

The third ventricle leads to where

Back 47

The fourth ventricle via the cerebral aquaduct

Front 48

Lateral aperture exits where

Back 48

To the central canal

Front 49

Median aperture exits where

Back 49

To all around the brain where the arachnoid mater reabsorbs the CSF

Front 50

Plexuses are what

Back 50

A webbing of vessels that can make CSF

Front 51

What cells make CSF

Back 51

Ependymal cells (in arachnoid mater)

Front 52

Functions of CSF

Back 52

Buoyancy, protection, chemical stability

Front 53

Protection of the brain is defined as

Back 53

Shock absorption

Front 54

Chemical stability is defined as

Back 54

Homeostasis

Front 55

The choroid plexus does what

Back 55

Produces CSF in the ventricles, it's made of ependymal cells

Front 56

What would one consequence be if there are benign tumors near the cerebral aqueduct

Back 56

It would block CSF from leaving, swell the brain activity, which in kids cause hydrocephalus

Front 57

BBB has what kind of junctions

Back 57

Tight junctions that form capillary walls

Front 58

Astrocytes

Back 58

Grab capillaries and their neurons to pass nutrients along

Front 59

Endothelial cells do what

Back 59

Exclude harmful substances from getting to the brain, but allowing necessary ones to pass

Front 60

To get through the BBB you must be

Back 60

Lipid soluble

Front 61

Circumventricular organs

Back 61

Places in the third and fourth ventricles with no BBB so the brain can monitor changes in the body

Front 62

The brain requires what for energy

Back 62

Glucose

Front 63

How does the brain receive blood

Back 63

Via internal carotid and vertebral arteries

Front 64

Brainstem function

Back 64

Connects spinal cord and cerebrum, contains cranial nerve nuclei

Front 65

Medulla oblongata

Back 65

Center for vital reflexes (heart rate, breathing, vomiting, etc)

Front 66

Pons

Back 66

relays information between cerebrum and cerebellum, motor input, emotional breathing, alerts cerebrum

Front 67

Midbrain

Back 67

serves as visual reflex center, part of auditory pathway

Front 68

Cerebellum

Back 68

Controls muscle movement, balance, learns motor skills, damage leads to ataxia

Front 69

Diencephalon

Back 69

Contains all the thalamuses, for homeostatic function

Front 70

Thalamus

Back 70

Major sensory relay center, influences mood and movement

Front 71

Subthalamus

Back 71

Contains nerve tracts and nuclei

Front 72

Epithalamus

Back 72

Contains nuclei responding to olfactory stimulation and pineal gland

Front 73

Hypothalamus

Back 73

Homeostasis, temperature, hunger, thirst, regulates endocrine function

Front 74

Cerebrum

Back 74

Controls thought, consciousness, can override most other systems

Front 75

Basal nuclei

Back 75

Controls muscle activity and posture, largely inhibits unintentional movement when at rest

Front 76

Limbic system

Back 76

Autonomic response to smell, emotion, mood, memory

Front 77

Formation of the neural plate

Back 77

1. Neural plate forms ectoderm (ventricles, brain spinal cord)

2. Neural folds form as parallel ridges along the embryo

3. Neural crest cells begin to form from the crest of neural folds

4. Neural folds meet st the midline to form neural tube, neural crest cells seperate from neural folds

Front 78

Telencephalon becomes what

Back 78

Cerebrum

Front 79

Mesencephalon becomes what

Back 79

Midbrain, cerebral aquaduct

Front 80

metencephalon becomes what

Back 80

Pons, cerebellum

Front 81

Myelencephalon becomes what

Back 81

Medulla oblongata

Front 82

Intermediate mass connects

Back 82

Between the two thalamuses

Front 83

Superior colliculi is responsible for

Back 83

Visual reflexes, tracking, scanning

Front 84

Inferior colliculi is responsible for

Back 84

Startle reflex, response to sound

Front 85

Deglutition center

Back 85

Controls swallowing

Front 86

Medullary dorsal respiratory group

Back 86

Modifies breathing based on sensory information (coughing, sneezing, hiccupping)

Front 87

Medullary ventral respiratory group

Back 87

Controls normal respiratory rate, contract, relax

Front 88

Dorsal region of pons

Back 88

Ascending and descending nerve tracts

Front 89

Pontine nuclei

Back 89

Voluntary motor output

Front 90

Pontine respiratory group

Back 90

Controls emotional breathing based on info from the hypothalamus, limbic system

Front 91

Substancia nigra

Back 91

Controls subconscious muscle movement

Front 92

Red nuclei

Back 92

Aid in unconscious regulation and coordination of motor activities

Front 93

Corpora quadrigemina

Back 93

Composed of the 4 colliculi

Front 94

Reticular formation

Back 94

Is where consciousness arises, damage causes coma, habituation, auditory, pain, touch, proprioception

Front 95

Reticular activating system

Back 95

Wakes you up

Front 96

Thallamus sends conscious information where

Back 96

To the cerebrum (thus, awareness)

Front 97

Superior cerebral peduncle

Back 97

To the midbrain

Front 98

Middle cerebral peduncle

Back 98

To the pons

Front 99

Inferior cerebral peduncle

Back 99

To the medulla oblongata

Front 100

The folds in the cerebellum are called

Back 100

Folia

Front 101

What works with the cerebrum to fine tune movement

Back 101

Cerebellum

Front 102

If you had ADHD you have damage

Back 102

Of the cerebellum

Front 103

Cognition

Back 103

Acquisition of knowledge (in cerebellum)

Front 104

Flocculondular lobes of cerebellum

Back 104

Contribute to equilibrium, balance and eye movement

Front 105

Cerebellar nuclei

Back 105

Gray matter that carries impulses around the brain

Front 106

Superior cerebellar peduncles

Back 106

Cerebellum to red nuclei of midbrain to thalamus

Front 107

Middle cerebellar peduncles

Back 107

Voluntary movement from pontine nuclei into cerebellum

Front 108

Forebrain has two parts

Back 108

Diencephalon and telencephalon

Front 109

Medial geniculate nucleus

Back 109

Auditory information

Front 110

The thalamus connects to what system

Back 110

Limbic system for memory and emotion

Front 111

What projects information into the cerebrum

Back 111

Thalamus

Front 112

Habenula

Back 112

Emotional response to odor in epithalamus

Front 113

Pineal gland

Back 113

Releases melatonin for sleep, regulates biological clock

Front 114

What's the hole in the telencephalon

Back 114

Third ventricle

Front 115

Frontal lobe

Back 115

Motor function, motivation, planning, social skills, personality

Front 116

Parietal lobe

Back 116

Evaluates sensory information

Front 117

Occipital lobe

Back 117

Receives and integrates visual input

Front 118

Temporal lobe

Back 118

Reception for smell, hearing, memory, judgement

Front 119

Insula

Back 119

Understanding spoken language

Front 120

Association fibers

Back 120

Connections within the same hemisphere

Front 121

Commissural fibers

Back 121

Connect hemispheres together

Front 122

Projection fibers

Back 122

Tracts between cerebrum and spinal cord

Front 123

If you damage basal nuclei

Back 123

You can't start or stop movement

Front 124

Hippocampus

Back 124

Memory

Front 125

Amygdala

Back 125

Emotion

Front 126

All cranial pathways are what

Back 126

Ispilateral, except optic

Front 127

Sensory cranial nerves

Back 127

I, II, VIII

Front 128

Motor cranial nerves

Back 128

III, IV, VI, XI, XII

Front 129

Mixed cranial nerves

Back 129

V, VII, IX, X

Front 130

Olfactory nerve 1

Back 130

Smell

Front 131

Optic nerve II

Back 131

Sight

Front 132

Oculomotor nerve 3

Back 132

Eye movement up and down

Front 133

Trochlear nerve 4

Back 133

Eye movement

Front 134

Trigeminal nerve 5

Back 134

Sensations of the face

Front 135

Abducens nerve 6

Back 135

Eye movement, rotation

Front 136

Facial nerve 7

Back 136

Expression

Front 137

Vestibulocochlear nerve 8

Back 137

Equilibrium, hearing

Front 138

Glossopharyngeal nerve 9

Back 138

Swallowing

Front 139

Vagus nerve 10

Back 139

Main parasympathetic nerve, visceral organs

Front 140

Accessory nerve 11

Back 140

Movement of head and neck

Front 141

Hypoglossal nerve 12

Back 141

Tongue movement

Front 142

Descending nerve tract does what

Back 142

Carry motor information down the spinal cord

Front 143

Gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum is called the

Back 143

Cortex

Front 144

What alerts the cerebrum

Back 144

Pons

Front 145

CSF regulates

Back 145

pH and CO2 content

Front 146

What nerve do dentists anesthetize?

Back 146

Trigeminal

Front 147

The anterior fissure of the spinal chord is

Back 147

Deeper and wider than the posterior

Front 148

Ascending nerve tract does what

Back 148

Carries sensory information up the spinal cord

Front 149

Descussation

Back 149

When fibers cross to the other side of the body

Front 150

Where does descussation occur

Back 150

In the pyramids which is white matter