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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell cycle checkpoints |
G1 - does the cell need to divide again? (big enough? tissue meant to be dividing? if not -->G0) G2 - was DNA damaged during S phase? M - are chromosomes attached to spindle? |
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Cyclin |
Protein that combines with Cdk to form MPF which activates mitosis proteins Starts being produced middle of S phase Degrades after mitosis is completed |
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Cdk |
Cyclin dependant kinase Always present Binds with cyclin in mitosis to form MPF |
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MPF |
Maturation promoting factor Protein complex that activates mitosis proteins After mitosis, protein complex breaks down |
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Proteins necessary for cell cycle control |
Cyclin Cdk MPF |
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Proto-oncogenes |
Genes that promote cell division and can be turned on and off |
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Oncogenes |
Proto-oncogenes that haven't been turned off -- leads to cancer |
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Ways proto-oncogenes become oncogenes |
- new promoter increases growth stimulating protein production - gene amplification - point mutation in control element causing excess growth stimulating protein production |
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Gene |
Basic unit of inheritance |
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Trait |
Heritable physical trait |
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Linking traits and genes |
Proteins which cause structure and function of organism parts are coded by genes |
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Autotroph |
Organism that produces its own amino acids |
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Heterotroph |
Must consume amino acids |
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Look at Beadle and Tatum experiment |
-- |
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Central dogma |
DNA -> mRNA -> protein |
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Genome |
All the genes of one species |
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Transcription |
mRNA from template DNA in nucleus Exons kept, introns removed |
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Translation |
Occurs in cytoplasm rRNA translates mRNA codons creating polypeptide (protein) from codons |
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DNA sections |
Coding + control (promoter) |
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Chromatin |
Condensed DNA-protein complex |
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Histones |
Proteins that DNA is wrapped around H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4 (+) charge attracts DNA of (-) charge |
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Ocatmer |
Two of each histone protein Forms the core of nucleosome |
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Nucleosome |
Structure consisting of histone octamer and 1.65 wraps of DNA molecule |
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Euchromatin |
Relaxed, transcribable chromatin Genes are more likely to be here |
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Heterochromatin |
Compact, transcriptionally silent chromatin |
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Bacterial and Eukaryotic cell size |
bacteria: 0.5-5um eukaryotic: 10-100 um |
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Saprophytes |
Bacteria that degrade organic matter |
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Shapes of bacteria |
Spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), spirals |
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Points on bacterial DNA |
- no chromosome - no histones - much shorter DNA than eukaryotes - circular DNA |
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Bacterial transcription regulator |
RNA polymerase (5 subunits) + regulatory sigma |
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Operon |
Unit of genetic function consisting of promoter, operator and genes |
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Operator |
Specific DNA sequence binds to corresponding regulatory protein. This regulator-operator complex can turn a gene on or off by interfering with RNA polymerase activity |
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Promoter |
Specific DNA sequence recognised by RNA polymerase, which binds to the promoter, initiating transcription |
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Histone acetylation |
Associated with active chromatin |
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Histone methylation |
Associated with inactive genes |
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Basal promoter |
in eukaryotic cells initiates transcription of gene |
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General transcription factors |
proteins that bind to DNA to initiate transcription of RNA pol 2 usually to enhancer |
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Enhancer |
sites of DNA that enhance transcription rates |
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general transcription factor examples |
TATA, TBP, TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIH (GTF for poly II) |
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Homeotic mutations |
Body part replaced by another |
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Homeobox (Hox) genes |
homeotic genes that encode proteins with homeodomain that binds to DNA --> contains homeobox recognition sequence These genes are turned on or off depending on area to develop different organs |
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homeodomain |
helix-turn-helix protein |
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post transcription RNA mod (euk) |
exons spliced together, introns removes splicing factors control (proteins, non coding RNA) |
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translational gene regulation (euk) |
mRNA translation rate can control level of gene products by proteins binding to promoter? |
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miRNA |
non-coding RNA that are processed into smaller, looped fragments Dicer enzyme removes hairpin loop and transfers RNA to AGO protein complex, forming RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) This can then silence mRNA by cutting off 5' cap and poly a tail |
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RISC |
RNA-induced silencing complex |
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When can regulation occur in eukaryotes? |
- chromatin remodelling - transcription - RNA processing - mRNA stability - translation - post-translation |
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Virus size |
20-400 nm |
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general features of a virus |
nucleic acid protein capsid envelope |
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virus morphologies |
spherical icosahedral helical complex |
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Capsid |
protein shell of viruses that prevents physical, chemical, or enzymatic damage |
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Stages of virus life cycle |
1. attachment 2. penetration 3. uncoating 4. transcription/ translation 5. genome replication 6. assembly 7. release |
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Virus genome options |
dsDNA ssDNA dsRNA ssRNA all + or - sense |
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+ sense |
ready for translation (mRNA) |
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- sense |
must be copied before translation |
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RNA dependent kinase (RdRP) |
enzyme that copies - and + sense RNA into complementary to make new viruses and mke RNA for gene expression |
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Retrovirus process |
RNA translated to DNA (reverse transcriptase) DNA is made to double strand DNA inserted into host genome Host functions express + replicate |
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Reverse transcriptase |
Turns + sense retrovirus RNA into DNA (cDNA) |
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cDNA |
complementary strand of DNA transcribed from RNA |
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Polio virus stuff |
+ ssRNA uses RdRP enzyme produces - RNA copy - RNA copy used as template for more + RNA production and viral specific proteins |
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HIV stuff |
+ ssRNA reverse transcriptase makes DNA Double stranded incorporated into genome --> provirus provirus makes mRNA (+ RNA) |
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Telomerase |
protein that adds telomere repeat sequence to the 3' end of telomeres |
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How enhancers work |
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