Bio Exam 3 Part 1

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What does mitosis result in?

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Two genetically identical daughter cells.

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Chromatin

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Makes up a chromosome

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Chromatid

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is one copy of a newly copied chromosome which is still joined to the other copy by a single centromere

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Centromere

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Where two chromatids are closely attached.

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Chromosomes

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Separated chromatids

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Interphase

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Dna is copied, longest phase

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Prophase

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separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells; the complex of DNA and proteins contained in the nucleus, known as chromatin, condenses.

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Metaphase

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the process that separates duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells; the cell's chromosomes align themselves in the middle of the cell through a type of cellular "tug of war."

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Anaphase

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is the stage of mitosis when replicated chromosomes are split and the daughter chromatids are moved to opposite poles of the cell

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Telophase

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the sister chromatids reach opposite poles. The small nuclear vesicles in the cell begin to re-form around the group of chromosomes at each end.

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Cytokinesis

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the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells

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When is DNA replicated and why is it crucial?

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S phase during interphase; it needs to replicate before it can split into two cells

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Mitotic Spindle

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made of microtubules and proteins

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Kinetochores

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protein complexes that assemble at centromeres

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Unreplicated chromosomes

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contains one double strand -DNA molecule

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Replicated chromosomes

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contains two identical double strand -DNA- molecules, the chromatids, that are joined at their centromere

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What results in a haploid cell going through mitosis?

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It remains a haploid cell.

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How many chromosomes result from mitosis?

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After mitosis two identical cells are created with the same original number of chromosomes, 46.

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sister chromatids are separated at the centromere and are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell by this...?

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mitotic spindle

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Cytokinesis in animal cells

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a cleavage furrow forms

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cytokinesis in plant cells

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a cell plate forms

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How do prokaryotes reproduce?

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Binary Fission

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G1 phase

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during which a cell is metabolically active and continuously grows; cell commits to DNA replication

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M phase

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determines whether all the sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules before the cell enters the irreversible anaphase

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G0 phase

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the cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide

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Variation

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differences among parents and siblings

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Gene

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the units of heredity and are made up of segments of DNA, they have a specific position (locus) on a chromosome

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Sexual Reproduction

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two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes from both parents

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Asexual Reproduction

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reproduction without fertilization; clones are genetically identical individuals from the same parent

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Ploidy

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The number of copies of each chromosome

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Diploid cell

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2n; has two sets of chromosomes

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Haploid cell

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n; has one set of chromosomes

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Gametes

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are the only human cells produced by meiosis;

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Gametic Meiosis

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gametes are the only haploid cells

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What does meiosis result in?

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4 Haploid cells

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What does meiosis do?

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reduces the number of chromosome sets, producing cells that are genetically different from each other and from the parent cell

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Homologous Chromosomes

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Each carries the same genes in the same order, but the alleles for each trait may not be the same ; one from mother, one from father

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Autosomes

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appear in pairs whose members have the same form but differ from other pairs in a diploid cell; they are not sex chromosomes. There are 22

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Sex chromosomes

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a chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds (2 chromosomes)

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When does ploidy change during meiosis?

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During fertilization

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Independent assortment

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when two or more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together; occurs during metaphase 1 of meiosis

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Crossing Over

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produces recombinant chromosomes, combining DNA from both parents; happens when homologs pair; Homologous portions of nonsister chromatids trade places

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Parental Type vs. Recombinant Types

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The ratio between parental and recombinant types is always like this: m : n : n : m; where 'm' is parental types and 'n' is recombinant types