Biodiversity

Front 1

Why are biological hotspots important

Back 1

to conserve due to the number of endemic species found in the area

Front 2

what are hot spots

Back 2

reservoirs of the most diverse organisms,yet the most endangered, sites of biodiversity in the planet

Front 3

what is the biosphere

Back 3

the sum of all ecosystems across the world

Front 4

what are biomes?

Back 4

main categories of ecosystems across large geographical areas

Front 5

what major variation do the world biomes roughly correspond to?

Back 5

vegetation types, climate, topography and soli type

Front 6

what is topography

Back 6

the arrangement of physical features, both natural and artifical of an area

Front 7

what are some examples of terrestrial biomes?

Back 7

tropical rainforests, deserts, grasslands and tundra

Front 8

do each biome have similar features?

Back 8

yes

Front 9

what forms the lagrest part of the biosphere?

Back 9

aquatic biomes

Front 10

what factors affect the kinds of organisma that inhabit a aquatic environment

Back 10

how permanent the body of water is, salinity, depth and nutrient availability

Front 11

what do biomes have within them?

Back 11

number of differnet ecosystems

Front 12

what is an ecosystem?

Back 12

the interaction between the environment and its community

Front 13

what is a community?

Back 13

the different species inhabiting an area at one particluar time

Front 14

What ia an environment?

Back 14

abiotic and biotic components of an area

Front 15

difference between environment and community

Back 15

community is living, envornment is living and nonliving

Front 16

Are ecosystems self contained?

Back 16

yes relatively and are able to support themselves by cycling or exchanging materials

Front 17

how are ecosystems named

Back 17

usually by the vegetation type and distribution (density)

Front 18

what do ecosystems contain?

Back 18

habitats

Front 19

what is a habitat?

Back 19

is an area or environment within an ecosystem where an individual species lives, feeds, and reproduces

Front 20

what is habitat specific for?

Back 20

each population

Front 21

what is a population?

Back 21

is a group of individuals belonging to the same species, living in the same habitat at the same time

Front 22

what does an ecologist study?? and who was it studied by first?

Back 22

the relationships between living thingsand their surrondings, which is also called ecology. Ernst Haeckel

Front 23

how can environments be classified?

Back 23

on their biotic and abiotic factors

Front 24

what are abiotic factors?

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physical and chemical factors such as temperature, light intensity, texure and Ph of the soil, concentration of gases, availablilty of water

Front 25

what does a limiting factor do?

Back 25

restricts every organism to a particluar area

Front 26

what is a limiting factor?

Back 26

is an element of the environment that restricts the survival of an organism to a region

Front 27

what is the zone of physiological stress?

Back 27

where the plant can grow but the conditions are not ideal for survival

Front 28

what is the zone of intolerance?

Back 28

where the plant cannot survive

Front 29

what does the distribution of terrestrial environments mainly depend on?

Back 29

climatic variation

Front 30

what are the 4 main elements of climate?

Back 30

temp, water, light and wind

Front 31

what does water and and temp significantly impact?

Back 31

geographical range of an organism

Front 32

what also aids classification?

Back 32

substrate concentration

Front 33

what is humus?

Back 33

being supplied with nutrients from continual decomposition of plant and animal debris

Front 34

what is a limiting factor

Back 34

the rate of decompsition

Front 35

what is it about soil that is important to identify

Back 35

physical and chemical feature of soil - determined by properties, such as location depth texture colour porosity, ph

Front 36

what does aquatic environment include?

Back 36

both marine (salt water) and freshwater environments

Front 37

examples of aquatic environments?

Back 37

oceans bays estuaries, creeks, streams, rivers. Lanks ponds and swamps

Front 38

salt concentration in marine and freshwater environs

Back 38

mraine - 3%

freshwater - >1%

Front 39

hiw are ocean environments classified?

Back 39

according to depth, distance from the shoreline and the way they are found

Front 40

what is the first 200m of ocean

Back 40

photic zone - photosynthesis 90% of marine life

Front 41

water between 200 and 1000m?

Back 41

mesopelagic - not much sun

Front 42

between 1000m and 4000m

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bathypalegic

Front 43

between 4000m and 6000m

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abyssopelagic

Front 44

between 6000 and 11000

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hadalpelagic

Front 45

what are the 2 subgroups of fresh water?

Back 45

still and moving water

Front 46

how can freshwater environments be classified?

Back 46

production of organic matter - nutrient rich and nutrient poor

Front 47

what is eutrophication?

Back 47

is the increased conventration of nurients in waterwyas that promote algae bloom - negative effects

Front 48

what does nutrient composition depend on?

Back 48

terrain that flow through - fast moving more nutrient

Front 49

environments and ecosystems are classified by what?

Back 49

by their component species and species interaction

Front 50

what are ecosystmes usually named after?

Back 50

most dominant species in the community along with its overall distribution

Front 51

what does ecosystem distribution depend on?

Back 51

factors such as soil type and climate, remebering that the ecosystem is the ineractions between species and these factors

Front 52

what is vegetation classified accroding to?

Back 52

• percentage of ground shaded or covered by the tallest layer of vegetation
• the form of vegetation

Front 53

difference between classifing ecosystems and environments

Back 53

environment - based on biotic and abiotic

ecosystem - based on abiotic or biotic compnents, but are usually named after their dominant species

Front 54

ground cover in deserts

Back 54

in patches, widely spaced

Front 55

ground cover in grass lands

Back 55

in arid regions; typically hummocks and tussocks with very low cover >30%

Front 56

ground cover in scrublands

Back 56

floiage cover 30-70%

Front 57

ground cover in woodlands

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widely spaced canopy cover of 10-30%; well developed shrubs ad grasses

Front 58

ground cover in alpine

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fairly low continuos cover

Front 59

ground cover in open (sclerophyll) forests

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fairly open canopy cover of 30-70%; good understory and ground cover

Front 60

ground cover in closed (rainforest) forests

Back 60

dense canopy cover of 70 -100%; distinct layers or storyeys within forest

Front 61

ground cover in reefs and marshes

Back 61

dense growth

Front 62

what is an open ecosystem?

Back 62

where animals are apart of multiple communities as they moved from one area to another

Front 63

why is it hard to distinguish where ecosystems start and finish?

Back 63

physical features gradually change or merge and the ecosystemoverlap

Front 64

how are organisma able to survive in an ecosystem?

Back 64

by a particaluar set of biotic and abiotic factors

Front 65

what is a ecological niche?

Back 65

the way which species function within their environment

Front 66

what is another way, the niche of an organism is?

Back 66

how it fits into the ecosystem

Front 67

who classified between fundamental and realised niches?

Back 67

G.E. Hutchinson

Front 68

what is the fundamental niche?

Back 68

is an ideal niche a species would occupy if there was no competitors, predators or parasites

Front 69

what is the realised niche

Back 69

is narrower - resulting from an organisms inability to exploit the resources of its habitat becaue of restrictions caused by other organisms

Front 70

what do organisms do as they can not all eat the smae resource at the same time?

Back 70

differ in the food source they prefer, their use of space and even the timing of their activities

Front 71

how can competetion be reduced and what is is called?

Back 71

night and day, different physical features to exploit different resources - resource partitioning

Front 72

is evrything affected by the presence or absence of other living or non living things?

Back 72

yes

Front 73

how do you understand how an ecosystem works?

Back 73

by understanding relationships between organisms and interactions

Front 74

why would organisma be in competition?

Back 74

because they require the same resources to full fill their needs for survival

Front 75

who has competion?

Back 75

many organisms - even those of the same species

Front 76

why do organisms collaborate?

Back 76

to catch prey

Front 77

what are intraspecific interactions?

Back 77

interactions between members of the same species

Front 78

what are interspecific?

Back 78

a relationship between members of different species

Front 79

what helpd shape biodiversity

Back 79

way organisms compete or collaborate

Front 80

what is the predator and prey relationship?

Back 80

where one organism kills another organsim, the prey,or consumes part of it for food

Front 81

why is it an advantage for a predator to be apart of numerous food chains

Back 81

if one prey species becomes of short supply, the predator can turn to others

Front 82

is this relationshp usually balanced and how may it change?

Back 82

yes but sometimescondictions change and upset the balance

Front 83

what happens when the prey population decreases?

Back 83

increased intraspecific competetion in the predator species

Front 84

what does predation include?

Back 84

animals preying on plants, plants preying on animals or animals preying or other animals

Front 85

what effect do seed predators have?

Back 85

large - change plant population and distribution and makes seeds unviable when they pass through the digestive system

Front 86

what is another realtionahip that can effect biodiversity?

Back 86

disease causing organism and the host

Front 87

how does disease change biodiversity?

Back 87

increase - rabbits allowing native population to increase

decrease - koalas - chlymidia no babys

Front 88

what is symbiotic relationships?

Back 88

general term to describe the relationship in which individuals of two or more different species live together and in which at least benefit

Front 89

what is parasitism?

Back 89

one species benefits at the epense of another

Front 90

what is mutualism?

Back 90

both species in the relationship benefit and neither are harmed

Front 91

what is commensaliam

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one species benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed

Front 92

what is a parasite?

Back 92

an organism that lives on or in a host, and very well adapted to their host

Front 93

what does the way in which the parasite interacts with its host determine?

Back 93

if either live

Front 94

what do the 2 organisms in mutualism share?

Back 94

the same ecosystem, and habitat and work together

Front 95

examples of mutualism

Back 95

pollinators - insects birds reptiles and small mamals being relied on by the plant to transfer pollen form one to anther, whilst the animals gets to feed on nectar

Front 96

how much do these organism depend on each other?

Back 96

very much because if one goes so does the other

Front 97

why are seed dispersors important in biodiversity

Back 97

they poo out the seed giving it a new location where it can germinate and grow

Front 98

what is the difference between a seed dispersa and seed predator

Back 98

seed predator ruins the seed

Front 99

what is the most intimate relationship?

Back 99

with one organism living inside another

Front 100

WHat is commensalism?

Back 100

a one sided interaction between species, where only 1 organism benefits, the commensal, with the other organism not getting harmed or benefitting

Front 101

what is a keystonespecies ?

Back 101

a species that prevents organisms from lower trophic levels from monopolising food resources and space, instead they allow more biodiversity within a richer area

Front 102

what is an aspect of predatation?

Back 102

it affects the coexistence of a number of other species

Front 103

who was the idea of keystone predatation made up by?

Back 103

RObert Paine

Front 104

what should be the main point for the management strategies of an entire community?

Back 104

the conservation of keystone species