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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which set of enzymes is involved glycogen metabolism?
1. Glycogen phosphorylase, debranching enzyme, glycogenin, glycogen branching enzyme
2. Glycogen synthetase, glucose-6-phosphatase, phosphoglucomutase, phosphorylase kinase
3. NDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase, GLUT4, glycogen targeting protein, insulin, glucagon
4. All of the above
5. None of the above |
1. Glycogen phosphorylase, debranching enzyme, glycogenin, glycogen branching enzyme
2. Glycogen synthetase, glucose-6-phosphatase, phosphoglucomutase, phosphorylase kinase
3. NDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase, GLUT4, glycogen targeting protein, insulin, glucagon
4. All of the above
5. None of the above |
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Which set of enzymes is involved in pentose phosphate pathway?
1. Aldolase, lactonase, aconitase, factor Xa, FGF receptor
2. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactonase, lactase
3. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, transaldolase, transketolase, ribulose 5-phosphate epimerase
4. All of the above
5. None of the above |
1. Aldolase, lactonase, aconitase, factor Xa, FGF receptor
2. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactonase, lactase
3. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, transaldolase, transketolase, ribulose 5-phosphate epimerase
4. All of the above
5. None of the above |
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Complete oxidation of one pyruvate to three CO2 yields the following:
1. 9 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1GTP. 2. 7 NADH, 1 FADH2, 4 GTP. 3. 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 1 GTP. 4. 7NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP 5. 7 NADH, 3 FADH2, 1GTP. |
1. 9 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1GTP. 2. 7 NADH, 1 FADH2, 4 GTP. 3. 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 1 GTP. 4. 7NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP 5. 7 NADH, 3 FADH2, 1GTP. |
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Which set of enzymes uses biotin as a cofactor?
1. pyruvate decarboxylase, malate dehydrogenase, PEP carboxylase
2. Pyruvate dehydrogenase, transketolase, phosphofructokinase-2
3. pyruvate carboxylase, pyruvate kinase, malate synthase
4. All of the above
5. None of the above |
1. pyruvate decarboxylase, malate dehydrogenase, PEP carboxylase
2. Pyruvate dehydrogenase, transketolase, phosphofructokinase-2
3. pyruvate carboxylase, pyruvate kinase, malate synthase
4. All of the above
5. None of the above |
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To use fructose as fuel in cells, which of the following enzyme is NOT required?
1. Phosphofructokinase-1
2. Triose phosphate isomerase.
3. Phosphoglycerate mutase
4. Fructokinase
5. Pyruvate kinase |
1. Phosphofructokinase-1
2. Triose phosphate isomerase.
3. Phosphoglycerate mutase
4. Fructokinase
5. Pyruvate kinase |
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Which set of enzymes uses NADH or NAD+ as a cofactor?
1. Lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase
2. Glyderaldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
3. Isocitrate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
4. All of the above
5. None of the above |
1. Lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase
2. Glyderaldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
3. Isocitrate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
4. All of the above
5. None of the above |
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Which set of enzymes uses thiamine pyrophosphate as a cofactor?
1. Transaldolase, pyruvate carboxylase, alcohol dehydrogenase
2. Transenolase, pyruvate dehydrogenase,
3. Transketolase, succinyl-CoA synthetase
4. Pyruvate decarboxylase, pyruvate dehydrogenase
5. None of the above |
1. Transaldolase, pyruvate carboxylase, alcohol dehydrogenase
2. Transenolase, pyruvate dehydrogenase,
3. Transketolase, succinyl-CoA synthetase
4. Pyruvate decarboxylase, pyruvate dehydrogenase
5. None of the above |
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Which set of enzymes is involved in TCA cycle?
1. Enolase, aconitase, a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase
2. Succinyl-CoA dehydrogenase, succinate synthetase, citrate synthase, fumarase
3. malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate lyase, malate synthase, aconitase citrate synthase
4. All of the above
5. None of the above |
1. Enolase, aconitase, a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase
2. Succinyl-CoA dehydrogenase, succinate synthetase, citrate synthase, fumarase
3. malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate lyase, malate synthase, aconitase citrate synthase
4. All of the above
5. None of the above |
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Which set of enzymes can catalyze reactions that generate ATP?
1. Adenylyl kinase, phosphoglycerate kinase
2. Adenylyl cyclase, pyruvate kinase
3. Succinyl-CoA synthetase, Glyderaldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
4. Phosphofructokinase-2, malate dehydrogenase
5. None of the above |
1. Adenylyl kinase, phosphoglycerate kinase
2. Adenylyl cyclase, pyruvate kinase
3. Succinyl-CoA synthetase, Glyderaldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
4. Phosphofructokianse-2, malate dehydrogenase
5. None of the above |
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Which set of enzymes is found only in mitochondria?
1. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase
2. Glucokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenas
3. Aconitase, fumarase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase
4. Pyruvate carboxylase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, PEP carboxylkinase, enolase
5. None of the above |
1. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase
2. Glucokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenas
3. Aconitase, fumarase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase
4. Pyruvate carboxylase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, PEP carboxylkinase, enolase
5. None of the above |
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Which set of enzymes uses FADH2 as a cofactor?
1. Galactokinase, cellulase
2. Cytosolic glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
3. Pyruvate carboxylase, glycerol kinase
4. Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase
5. None of the above |
1. Galactokinase, cellulase
2. Cytosolic glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
3. Pyruvate carboxylase, glycerol kinase
4. Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase
5. None of the above |
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Both NAD+ and FAD can be used as cofactors by most dehydrogenases. Which enzyme uses FAD and not NAD+?
1. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2. Malate dehydrogenase 3. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase 4. Pyruvate dehydrogenase 5. Succinate dehydrogenase |
1. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2. Malate dehydrogenase 3. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase 4. Pyruvate dehydrogenase 5. Succinate dehydrogenase |
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Which of the following set of amino acids can be metabolized to make glucose?
1. G, I, R, L, S 2. L, E, I, C, A 3. M, A, C, H, I, N, E 4. C, A, K, E 5. F, R, A, N, K
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1. G, I, R, L, S 2. L, E, I, C, A 3. M, A, C, H, I, N, E 4. C, A, K, E 5. F, R, A, N, K |
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Complete aerobic oxidation of glucose produces the following number of ATP?
1. 30-32 2. 10-12 3. 60-64 4. 2-4 5. 26-28 |
1. 30-32 2. 10-12 3. 60-64 4. 2-4 5. 26-28 |
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This is stachyose, an oligosaccharide found abundantly in cauliflowers and structurally similar to raffinose. It is not digestable, but can be fermented by intestinal bacteria to cause flatulence in human. Which of the following statement on stachyose is incorrect.
1. It is indigestable in human because there is no α-galactosidase in upper intestinal track.
2. D-glucose is one of the building block.
3. This is a reducing sugar.
4. One of the glycosidic linkage is (α1-->6).
5. It is a substrate of sucrase. |
1. It is indigestable in human because there is no α-galactosidase in upper intestinal track.
2. D-glucose is one of the building block.
3. This is a reducing sugar.
4. One of the glycosidic linkage is (α1-->6).
5. It is a substrate of sucrase. |
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The G'° values for the two reactions shown below are given. Oxaloacetate + acetyl-CoA + H2O → citrate + CoA-SH G'° = –32.2 kJ/mol Oxaloacetate + acetate → citrate G'° = –1.9 kJ/mol What is the G'° for the hydrolysis of acetyl-CoA? Acetyl-CoA + H2O → acetate + CoA-SH + H+
1. –34.1 kJ/mol 2. –30.3 kJ/mol 3. –32.2 kJ/mol 4. +61.9 kJ/mol 5. +34.1 kJ/mol |
1. –34.1 kJ/mol 2. –30.3 kJ/mol 3. –32.2 kJ/mol 4. +61.9 kJ/mol 5. +34.1 kJ/mol |
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α-D-Mannose is a sweet-tasting sugar. β-D-Mannose, on the other hand, tastes bitter. A pure solution of α-D-Mannose loses its sweet taste with time as it is converted into the β-form. This process is called?
1. epimerization 2. hemiacetal formation 3. mutarotation 4. resonance stabilization 5. tautermorization |
1. epimerization 2. hemiacetal formation 3. mutarotation 4. resonance stabilization 5. tautermorization |
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Mix a solution of α-D-glucose with methanol, some methyl α-D-glucopyranoside will form. Where does the oxygen atom attached to the anomeric carbon in methyl α-D-glucopyranoside comes from?
1. water 2. glucose 3. methanol 4. air 5. none of the above |
1. water 2. glucose 3. methanol 4. air 5. none of the above |
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Which of the following compound is NOT a part of glycolysis? |
2 |
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To use fructose as fuel in cells, which of the following enzyme is NOT required?
1. Phosphofructokinase-1 2. Triose phosphate isomerase. 3. Phosphoglycerate mutase 4. Fructokinase 5. Pyruvate kinase |
1. Phosphofructokinase-1 2. Triose phosphate isomerase. 3. Phosphoglycerate mutase 4. Fructokinase 5. Pyruvate kinase |
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A young patient complains of abdominal pain. His weight and height has been at the lower five percentile since birth. The pediatrician orders a complete test of blood carbohydrate profile and finds abnormally high levels of arabinol and xylitol. Other than these abnormalities and a cirrhotic liver, the IQ and other cognitive ability of the patient appears normal. What is the likely enzymatic defect?
1. transaldolase 2. aldolase 3. transketoalse 4. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase 5. None of the above |
1. transaldolase 2. aldolase 3. transketoalse 4. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase 5. None of the above |
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A patient feels sick and vomits after ingesting fructose rich diet or drinking regular (non-diet) carbonated soda. His blood glucose level is low and if he does not pay attention to what he eats and drinks, severe clinical signs of liver and kidney failure appear. What enzyme is missing in him?
1. phosphofructokinase-1 2. phosphofructokinase-2 3. fructose-1-phosphate aldolase 4. fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase 5. fructokinase |
1. phosphofructokinase-1 2. phosphofructokinase-2 3. fructose-1-phosphate aldolase 4. fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase 5. fructokinase |
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A patient is lethargic and with hepatomegaly (enlarged liver). A biopsy of the liver shows large amounts of excess glycogen. This patient also suffers from hypoglycemia (low blood glucose level). What is the likely enzymatic defect?
1. Phosphofructokinase-1. 2. glucose-6-phosphatase. 3. Muscle debranching enzyme. 4. glycogen synthase 5. Liver glycogen phosphorylase. |
1. Phosphofructokinase-1. 2. glucose-6-phosphatase. 3. Muscle debranching enzyme. 4. glycogen synthase 5. Liver glycogen phosphorylase. |
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A patient complains of painful muscle cramps when performing strenuous physical exercise but has no other symptoms. A muscle biopsy indicates a very high level of glycogen content. Glucose tolerance test is normal and fasting blood glucose level appears normal. What can be wrong?
1. phosphoglucomutase 2. triose kinase 3. lactase 4. glycogen phosphorylase 5. muscle debranching enzyme |
1. phosphoglucomutase 2. triose kinase 3. lactase 4. glycogen phosphorylase 5. muscle debranching enzyme |
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A patient ingests fava beans and develops hemolytic anemia.
1. hexokinase 2. fuctokinase 3. aldolase 4. transaldolase 5. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase |
1. hexokinase 2. fuctokinase 3. aldolase 4. transaldolase 5. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase |
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The majority of glucose is transported across the plasma membrane of liver cells by:
1. GLUT5 2. GLUT4 3. GLUT3 4. GLUT2 5. GLUT1 |
1. GLUT5 2. GLUT4-insulin 3. GLUT3-neurons 4. GLUT2-liver 5. GLUT1-erythroctes and endothelia cells (blood brain barrier/ fetal tissue) |
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To generate erythrose-4-phosphate from sedoheptulose-7-phosphate and glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate,
1. Hexokinase is involved 2. Transketolase is involved 3. Transaldolase is involved 4. Ctrate synthase must be present 5. Glucose-6-phosphate will be generated simultaneously |
1. Hexokinase is involved 2. Transketolase is involved 3. Transaldolase is involved 4. Ctrate synthase must be present 5. Glucose-6-phosphate will be generated simultaneously |
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Which statement regarding insulin is correct
1. The only hormone in the body that can decrease blood glucose level.
2. It works by binding to insulin receptor, which then turns on the activity of protein kinase B inside the cell.
3. It is produced by pancreatic β-cells which use glucokinase instead of hexokinase I to generate sugar phosphate.
4. all of the above.
5. none of the above. |
1. The only hormone in the body that can decrease blood glucose level.
2. It works by binding to insulin receptor, which then turns on the activity of protein kinase B inside the cell.
3. It is produced by pancreatic β-cells which use glucokinase instead of hexokinase I to generate sugar phosphate.
4. all of the above.
5. none of the above. |
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Glucagon elevates hepatic protein kinase A activity to raises blood glucose level. When PKA is activated, which of the following enzymatic activity can be changed?
1. The bifunctional enzyme phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase
2. Phosphorylase kinase
3. pyruvate kinase
4. glycogen phosphorylase
5. all of the above |
1. The bifunctional enzyme phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase
2. Phosphorylase kinase
3. pyruvate kinase
4. glycogen phosphorylase
5. all of the above |
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Aside from maintaining the integrity of its hereditary material, the most important metabolic concern of a cell is to:
1. Keep its glucose levels high.
2. Preserve its ability to carry out oxidative phosphorylation.
3. Maintain a constant supply and concentration of ATP.
4. Protect its enzymes from oxidative damage.
5. Running all its major metabolic pathways at maximum efficiency. |
1. Keep its glucose levels high.
2. Preserve its ability to carry out oxidative phosphorylation.
3. Maintain a constant supply and concentration of ATP.
4. Protect its enzymes from oxidative damage.
5. Running all its major metabolic pathways at maximum efficiency. |
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In the Cori cycle:
1. a three-carbon compound arising from glycolysis is converted to glucose.
2. only tissues with aerobic metabolism are involved.
3. glucose is converted to pyruvate in anaerobic tissues, and this pyruvate returns to the liver, where it is converted to glucose.
4. the same amount of ATP is used in the liver to synthesize glucose as it is released during glycolysis, leading to no net effect on whole-body balance.
5. nitrogen from alanine must be converted to urea, increasing the amount of energy required to drive this process. |
1. a three-carbon compound arising from glycolysis is converted to glucose.
2. only tissues with aerobic metabolism are involved.
3. glucose is converted to pyruvate in anaerobic tissues, and this pyruvate returns to the liver, where it is converted to glucose.
4. the same amount of ATP is used in the liver to synthesize glucose as it is released during glycolysis, leading to no net effect on whole-body balance.
5. nitrogen from alanine must be converted to urea, increasing the amount of energy required to drive this process. |
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How many ATP are hydrolyzed when synthesizing one glucose from 2 pyruvates?
1. 5 2. 4 3. 3 4. 2 5. none |
1. 5 2. 4 3. 3 4. 2 5. none |
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Glycogen phosphorylase a can be inhibited at an allosteric site by:
1. Glucose. 2. AMP. 3. Calcium. 4. GDP. 5. Glucagon. |
1. Glucose. 2. AMP. 3. Calcium. 4. GDP. 5. Glucagon. |
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Which one of the following statements about mammalian glycogen synthase is not correct?
1. This enzyme adds the initial glucose unit to a tyrosine residue in glycogenin.
2. It is especially predominant in liver and muscle.
3. The donor molecule is a sugar nucleotide.
4. The phosphorylated form of this enzyme is inactive.
5. This enzyme adds glucose units to the nonreducing end of glycogen branches |
1. This enzyme adds the initial glucose unit to a tyrosine residue in glycogenin.
2. It is especially predominant in liver and muscle.
3. The donor molecule is a sugar nucleotide.
4. The phosphorylated form of this enzyme is inactive.
5. This enzyme adds glucose units to the nonreducing end of glycogen branches |
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Aside from maintaining the integrity of its hereditary material, the most important metabolic concern of a cell is to:
1. Keep its glucose levels high.
2. Preserve its ability to carry out oxidative phosphorylation.
3. Maintain a constant supply and concentration of ATP.
4. Protect its enzymes from oxidative damage.
5. Running all its major metabolic pathways at maximum efficiency. |
1. Keep its glucose levels high.
2. Preserve its ability to carry out oxidative phosphorylation.
3. Maintain a constant supply and concentration of ATP.
4. Protect its enzymes from oxidative damage.
5. Running all its major metabolic pathways at maximum efficiency. |
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The glycogen-branching enzyme catalyzes:
1. Degradation of (α1 → 4) linkages in glycogen
2. Glycogen degradation
3. Formation of (α1 → 4) linkages in glycogen.
4. Formation of (α1 → 6) linkages during glycogen synthesis.
5. Removal of unneeded glucose residues at the ends of branches. |
1. Degradation of (α1 → 4) linkages in glycogen
2. Glycogen degradation
3. Formation of (α1 → 4) linkages in glycogen.
4. Formation of (α1 → 6) linkages during glycogen synthesis.
5. Removal of unneeded glucose residues at the ends of branches. |
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There is reciprocal regulation of glycolytic and gluconeogenic reactions interconverting fructose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Which one of the following statements about this regulation is not correct?
1. This regulation allows control of the direction of net metabolite flow through the pathway.
2. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activates phosphofructokinase-1.
3. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.
4. The fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase reaction is exergonic.
5. The phosphofructokinase-1 reaction is endergonic. |
1. This regulation allows control of the direction of net metabolite flow through the pathway.
2. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activates phosphofructokinase-1.
3. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.
4. The fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase reaction is exergonic.
5. The phosphofructokinase-1 reaction is endergonic. |
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Which statement regarding glycogen synthase is not correct?
1. It is always found at the reducing end of glycogen molecule.
2. Its activity is reciprocally regulated by protein phosphorylation.
3. Phosphorylation leads to inactivation.
4. It is a substrate of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1).
5. None of the above. |
1. It is always found at the reducing end of glycogen molecule.
2. Its activity is reciprocally regulated by protein phosphorylation.
3. Phosphorylation leads to inactivation.
4. It is a substrate of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1).
5. None of the above. |
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Which of the following statements is incorrect?
1. Aerobically, oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate produces acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle.
2. Reduction of pyruvate to lactate regenerates a cofactor essential for glycolysis.
3. Under anaerobic conditions pyruvate does not form because glycolysis does not occur.
4. In yeast growing anaerobically, pyruvate is converted to ethanol.
5. Epinephrine inhibits glycolysis in liver but activates glycolysis in striated muscle. |
1. Aerobically, oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate produces acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle.
2. Reduction of pyruvate to lactate regenerates a cofactor essential for glycolysis.
3. Under anaerobic conditions pyruvate does not form because glycolysis does not occur.
4. In yeast growing anaerobically, pyruvate is converted to ethanol.
5. Epinephrine inhibits glycolysis in liver but activates glycolysis in striated muscle. |
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Feedback inhibition is a common mechanism of metabolic control. Which of the following enzyme is not feedback inhibited by ATP?
1. Phosphofructokinase-1 2. Pyruvate kinase 3. Pyruvate dehydrogenase 4. isocitrate dehydrogenase 5. none of the above. |
1. Phosphofructokinase-1 2. Pyruvate kinase 3. Pyruvate dehydrogenase 4. isocitrate dehydrogenase 5. none of the above. |
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Some invertebrates use glyoxylate cycle to make sugar from fat. Which one of the following is incorrect about the glyoxylate cycle?
1. Acetyl-CoA is used as the feeding substrate, just like the TCA cycle.
2. Malate dehydrogenase and NAD+ is required.
3. Malate Synthase is required.
4. Isocitrate lyase is required.
5. Aconitase is not required. |
1. Acetyl-CoA is used as the feeding substrate, just like the TCA cycle.
2. Malate dehydrogenase and NAD+ is required.
3. Malate Synthase is required.
4. Isocitrate lyase is required.
5. Aconitase is not required. |
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To use fructose as fuel in cells, which of the following enzyme is NOT required?
1. Phosphohexose isomerase. 2. Triose phosphate isomerase. 3. Phosphoglycerate mutase 4. Fructokinase 5. Pyruvate kinase |
1. Phosphohexose isomerase. 2. Triose phosphate isomerase. 3. Phosphoglycerate mutase 4. Fructokinase 5. Pyruvate kinase |
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This is stachyose, an oligosaccharide found abundantly in cauliflowers and structurally similar to raffinose. It is not digestable, but can be fermented by intestinal bacteria to cause flatulence in human. Which of the following statement on stachyose is incorrect.
1. It can not be digested by human because the lack of α-galactosidase in upper human intestinal track.
2. D-galactose is one of the monosaccharide.
3. This is not a reducing sugar.
4. One of the glycosidic linkage is (α1-->6).
5. It is a substrate of lactase. |
1. It can not be digested by human because the lack of α-galactosidase in upper human intestinal track.
2. D-galactose is one of the monosaccharide.
3. This is not a reducing sugar.
4. One of the glycosidic linkage is (α1-->6).
5. It is a substrate of lactase. |
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Hexokinase-I vs. Hexokinase-IV (Glucokinase)
1. Both are expressed ubiquitously in all cells of the body.
2. Hexokinase-I has high affinity (low Km), while Hexokinase-IV has low affinity (high Km) for glucose.
3. Mutation in Hexokinase-I causes maturity onset diabetes.
4. Hexokinase-IV is feedback inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate, allowing the liver to serve as a buffer for blood glucose.
5. None of the above. |
1. Both are expressed ubiquitously in all cells of the body.
2. Hexokinase-I has high affinity (low Km), while Hexokinase-IV has low affinity (high Km) for glucose.
3. Mutation in Hexokinase-I causes maturity onset diabetes.
4. Hexokinase-IV is feedback inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate, allowing the liver to serve as a buffer for blood glucose.
5. None of the above. |
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Which of the following cofactor is not used by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
1. biotin 2. thiamine pyrophosphate 3. NAD+ 4. lipoic acid 5. FAD |
1. biotin 2. thiamine pyrophosphate 3. NAD+ 4. lipoic acid 5. FAD |
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To prevent rundown of Ca2+ current, electrophysiologist usually puts an ATP-regenerating system inside his patch pipette when recording the membrane property from a cell in a whole-cell configuration. Such a system can generate ATP through the so-called substrate-level phosphorylation. Based on the standard free energy table shown at right for some phosphorylation reactions, which system can be used by electrophysiologist for this unique purpose?
1. Glucose 1-phosphatase and glucose-1-phosphate
2. Enolase and phosphoenolpyruvate
3. Creatine phosphokinase and phosphocreatine
4. Pyrophosphatase and pyrophosphate
5. None of the above |
1. Glucose 1-phosphatase and glucose-1-phosphate
2. Enolase and phosphoenolpyruvate
3. Creatine phosphokinase and phosphocreatine
4. Pyrophosphatase and pyrophosphate
5. None of the above |
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Complete oxidation of one glucose to six CO2 yields the following:
1. 9 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1GTP, 3 ATP 2. 8 NADH, 3 FADH2, 4 GTP 3. 10 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP, 2 ATP 4. 9 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, no GTP 5. 10 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2GTP, no ATP |
1. 9 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1GTP, 3 ATP 2. 8 NADH, 3 FADH2, 4 GTP 3. 10 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP, 2 ATP 4. 9 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, no GTP 5. 10 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2GTP, no ATP |
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To use galactose as fuel in cells, which of the following enzyme is NOT required?
1. Phosphoglucomutase 2. Triose phosphate isomerase 3. Phosphoglycerate mutase 4. Phosphorylase kinase 5. Pyruvate kinase |
1. Phosphoglucomutase 2. Triose phosphate isomerase 3. Phosphoglycerate mutase 4. Phosphorylase kinase 5. Pyruvate kinase |
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This is stachyose, an oligosaccharide found abundantly in cauliflowers and structurally similar to raffinose. It is not
. |
1. It can not be digested by human because of the lack of β-galactosidase in upper human intestinal track.
. |
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Which of the following set of amino acids are glucogenic?
1. D, A, N, I, E, L 2. L, E, I, C, A 3. C, H, E, N 4. S, P, I, E, G, L 5. F, R, A, N, K |
1. D, A, N, I, E, L 2. L, E, I, C, A 3. C, H, E, N 4. S, P, I, E, G, L 5. F, R, A, N, K |
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A person with essential fructosuria is frequently misdiagnosed to be diabetic. However, his blood glucose level and glucose tolerance test are both normal. What enzyme may be missing in him?
1. Phosphofructokinase-1 2. Phosphofructokinase-2 3. Fructose-1-phosphate aldolase 4. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase 5. Fructokinase |
1. Phosphofructokinase-1 2. Phosphofructokinase-2 3. Fructose-1-phosphate aldolase 4. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase 5. Fructokinase |
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A patient ingests fava beans and develops hemolytic anemia. He may have problems with which of the following
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1. γ-glutamyl cysteine synthetase |
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Epinephrine elevates protein kinase A activity in muscle cell and may thus increase the activity of which of the following enzyme?
1. PEP carboxylkinase 2. Phosphofructokinase-1 3. Pyruvate kinase 4. Phosphofructose 2,6-bisphosphatase 5. None of the above |
1. PEP carboxylkinase 2. Phosphofructokinase-1 3. Pyruvate kinase 4. Phosphofructose 2,6-bisphosphatase 5. None of the above |
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Which of the following cofactor is used by α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex?
1. Coenzyme A 2. Thiamine pyrophosphate 3. NAD+ 4. Lipoic acid 5. all of the above |
1. Coenzyme A 2. Thiamine pyrophosphate 3. NAD+ 4. Lipoic acid 5. all of the above |
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Glucose oxidase based assay for glucose is widely used to aid the management of blood glucose level. It reacts specifically with β-D-glucose. The α-D-glucose level will also be assayed because it can be converted to the β- anomer in a reaction called:
1. Tautomerization 2. Hemiacetal formation 3. Mutarotation 4. Transitional transformation 5. Resonant stabilization |
1. Tautomerization 2. Hemiacetal formation 3. Mutarotation 4. Transitional transformation 5. Resonant stabilization |
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To prevent rundown of Ca2+ current, electrophysiologist usually puts an ATP-regenerating system inside his patch pipette when recording the membrane property of a cell in the whole-cell configuration. Such a system can generate ATP through the so called substrate-level phosphorylation. Based on the standard free energy table shown at right, which system can be used by electrophysiologist for this purpose?
1. Glucose 1-phosphatase and glucose-1-phosphate
2. Enolase and phosphoenolpyruvate
3. Adenylyl kinase and ADP
4. Pyrophosphatase and pyrophosphate
5. None of the above |
1. Glucose 1-phosphatase and glucose-1-phosphate
2. Enolase and phosphoenolpyruvate
3. Adenylyl kinase and ADP
4. Pyrophosphatase and pyrophosphate
5. None of the above |
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Recent statistics indicate alcohol abuse costs the US $184 billion annually, more than cancer (~$107 billion) or obesity ($100 billion). Chronic alcoholics require more ethanol to become intoxicated because of a higher level of alcohol dehydrogenase. However, the clearance of ethanol in human body also depends on the availability of which molecule in the cell?
1. NADH 2. NADP+ 3. NADPH 4. NAD+ 5. CoA |
1. NADH 2. NADP+ 3. NADPH 4. NAD+ 5. CoA |
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In the Alanine cycle, which one is not a correct statement?
1. Pyruvate is transaminated to make alanine in muscle. The reaction is reversed in liver to turn alanine into pyruvate.
2. Pyruvate is turned into glucose in the liver, which is released into circulation.
3. The conversion of pyruvate into glucose needs glucose-6-phosphatase, which resides in ER lumen.
4. Malate dehydrogenase is not required.
5. Biotin is required. |
1. Pyruvate is transaminated to make alanine in muscle. The reaction is reversed in liver to turn alanine into pyruvate.
2. Pyruvate is turned into glucose in the liver, which is released into circulation.
3. The conversion of pyruvate into glucose needs glucose-6-phosphatase, which resides in ER lumen.
4. Malate dehydrogenase is not required.
5. Biotin is required. |
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Adipocyte extract can metabolize glucose to CO2. When glucose labeled with 14C in either C-1 or C-6 is added to the extract, 14CO2 was released with the time courses shown at right. What is the major path of glucose oxidation in this extract?
1. Aerobic glycolysis 2. Glycogenolysis 3. Pentose Phosphate Pathway 4. Glycogenesis 5. Gluconeogenesis |
1. Aerobic glycolysis 2. Glycogenolysis 3. Pentose Phosphate Pathway 4. Glycogenesis 5. Gluconeogenesis |
