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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Microorganisms |
organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye |
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pathogenic |
disease-causing |
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What do microbes decompose? |
Organic waste |
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Few microbes are |
pathogenic |
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Microbes are producers in the ecosystem by |
photosynthesis |
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Microbes produce industrial chemicals such as |
ethanol and acetone |
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Microbes produce fermented foods such as |
vinegar, cheese and bread |
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Microbes produce products used in |
manufacturing (cellulase) and treatment (insulin) |
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Knowledge of microorganisms allows humans to... |
Prevent food spoilage & prevent disease occurrance |
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Knowledge of microorganisms led to... |
aseptic techniques |
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aseptic techniques |
prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology laboratories |
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Who established the system of scientific nomenclature? |
Linnaeus |
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What are the 2 names that each organism has? |
the Genus and specific epithet |
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Scientific names are ____ or ____ |
italicized or underlined |
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In scientific names, the _______ is capitalized and the ___________ is lower case. |
Genus, specific epithet. |
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Scientific names are _____ and used worldwide |
Latinized |
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Scientific names may be ______ or honor a scientist. |
descriptive |
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Epithet |
A word in the scientific name of an animal or plant following the name of the genus and denoting a species, variety, or other division of the genus, as sativa in Lactuca sativa. |
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What are the 7 types of microorganisms? |
Bacteria Archaea Fungi Protozoa Algae Viruses Multicellular animal parasites |
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Bacteria Characteristics |
Prokaryotes Peptidoglycan cell walls Binary fission For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis |
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Archaea Characteristics |
Prokaryotic Lack peptidoglycan Live in extreme environments |
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List the 3 type of archaea and where they are found: |
Methanogens (in cow rumen) Extreme halophiles (Dead Sea) Extreme thermophiles (deep hydrothermal vents) |
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Fungi Characteristics: |
Eukaryotes Chitin cell walls Use organic chemicals for energy consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae |
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Are yeasts unicellular/multicellular? |
unicellular |
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Are Molds and mushrooms unicellular/multicellular? |
multicellular |
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Protozoa Characteristics |
Eukaryotes Absorb or ingest May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, |
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Algae Characteristics |
Eukaryotes Cellulose cell walls Use photosynthesis for energy Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds |
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Viruses are replicated only when they are in a... |
living host cell (obligate parasites) |
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Virus Characteristics |
Acellular Consist of DNA or RNA Core is surrounded by a protein coat Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope |
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Multicellular Animal Parasites Characteristics |
Eukaryotes Multicellular animals Microscopic stages in life cycles. |
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Parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called ... |
helminths |
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What are the 3 domains of microorganisms? |
Bacteria, Archaea & Eukarya |
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What 4 groups are a part of the Eukarya domain? |
Protists Fungi Plants Animals |
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Ancestors of bacteria were the first life on Earth around... |
4 billion years ago |
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Around 2.8 billion yrs ago bacteria changed the atmosphere of the earth from... |
anaerobic to aerobic |
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The first microbes were observed in |
1673 |
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Robert Hooke (1665) |
reported that living things were composed of little boxes, or cells |
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Rudolf Virchow (1858) |
said cells arise from preexisting cells |
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Cell Theory |
All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells |
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In 1673-1723... |
Anton van Leeuwenhoek described live microorganisms |
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Robert Hooke observed microorganisms first, but they were... |
"blurred" |
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Spontaneous Generation |
The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a “vital force” forms life |
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Biogenesis |
The hypothesis that the living organisms arise from preexisting life |
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1861: Louis Pasteur |
demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air |
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Pasteur's S-shaped flask did? |
kept microbes out but let air in |
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1857–1914 was known as ? |
THe Golden Age of Microbiology |
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discoveries included in the golden age of microbiology were... |
the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs |
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Pasteur also discovered that microbes are responsible for... |
fermentation |
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Fermentation |
conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine |
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Pasteur also discovered a way to kill the bacteria but preserve wine, called... |
Pasteurization |
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Pasteurization |
the application of a high heat for a short time |
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Pasteurization Procedures: |
145°F (63°C) for 30 min OR 160°F (71°C) for 15 sec Both followed by rapid cooling to below 10°C |
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1840s: Ignaz Semmelweis |
advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another |
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1860s, Joseph Lister |
used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections |
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1876: Robert Koch |
proved that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided Koch’s postulates. |
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Koch’s postulates |
The experimental steps needed to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease |
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1796, Edward Jenner |
inoculation with cowpox virus gave protection - immunity - from smallpox |
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Vaccination derives for vacca, meaning: |
cow |
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Chemotherapy |
Treatment with chemicals |
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Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be... |
synthetic drugs or antibiotics |
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Antibiotics |
chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes |
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Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat ... |
malaria |
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1910: Ehrlich |
developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis
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In the 1930s, what drug was synthesized? |
Sulfonamides |
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Who discovered the first antibiotic? |
1928: Alexander |
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Fleming observed that Penicillium fungus made an ... |
antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus |
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1940s: Penicillin was ... |
Tested clinically and mass produced |
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Bacteriology |
the study of bacteria |
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Mycology |
the study of fungi |
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Virology |
the study of viruses |
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Parasitology |
the study of protozoa and parasitic worms |
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Immunology |
the study of immunity. |
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MIcrobial Genetics |
The study of how microbes inherit traits |
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Molecular Biology |
The study of how DNA directs protein synthesis |
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Genomics |
The study of an organism’s genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms |
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Recombinant DNA |
DNA made from two different sources. |
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What are examples of microbial ecology? |
Bacteria recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorus that can be used by plants and animals |
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Bioremediation |
Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury |
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Biological Insecticides |
Microbes used as chemical pesticides to prevent insect damage to agricultural crops and disease transmission |
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Biotechnology |
the use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals, is centuries old |
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Recombinant DNA technology |
a new technique for biotechnology, enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes |
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gene therapy |
Missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced |
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Normal Microbiota |
Microbes normally present in and on the human body |
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Normal microbiota prevent growth of... |
pathogens |
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REsistance |
the ability of the body to ward off disease |
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Resistance factors include |
skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals |
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Biofilms |
Microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses They will grow on rocks, pipes, teeth, and medical devices (e.g., catheters, implants) |
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Infectious Disease |
Disease results when a pathogen overcomes the host’s resistance |
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Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs): |
New diseases and diseases increasing in incidence |
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MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
1950s: Penicillin resistance developed 1980s: Methicillin resistance 1990s: MRSA resistance to vancomycin reported
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy |
Caused by a prion Also causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) |
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Escherichia coli O157:H7
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Toxin-producing strain of E. coli First seen in 1982 Leading cause of diarrhea worldwide |
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Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever |
Ebola virus Causes fever, hemorrhaging, and blood clotting First identified near Ebola River, Congo Outbreaks every few years |
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Cryptosporidiosis |
Cryptosporidium protozoa First reported in 1976 Causes 30% of diarrheal illness In the United States, transmitted via water |
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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) |
Caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) First identified in 1981 Worldwide epidemic infecting 30 million people; 14,000 new infections every day Sexually transmitted infection affecting males and females HIV/AIDS in the U.S.: 30% are female, and 75% are African American |
