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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biodiversity |
Measure of the variety and number of life forms on earth |
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Species |
A group whose members can: mate under natural conditions whose offspring can do the same and who have a distinct set of morphological/physical characteristics |
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What is the risk of loss of biodiversity? |
Loss of biodiversity could: Threaten our food supply Eliminate sources of natural medicines Significant impact on forestry and tourism Seriously disrupt biogeochemical cycles |
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Biological Classification |
The systematic grouping of organisms into categories based on characteristics |
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Taxonomy |
The science of identifying and classifying all organisms Species can be identified by morphology, behaviour, geographical location or DNA |
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Carl Linnaeus |
Father of taxonomy, established the system we used today Grouped living things into genera Developed binomial nomenclature |
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Binomial Nomenclature |
Developed by Linnaeus, a form of taxonomic naming. 2 word short name. First is genus, second is specific name. (Ex: Ursus americanus - black bear) |
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Dichotomous Key |
A tool used to determine the identity of items in the natural world based on characteristics Give two distinct options. When making, always used constant characteristics, measurements over descriptions and make choices positive Finish with full description of organism |
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The Great Chain of Being |
Previous inaccurate way of classification. Based on "highest" to "lowest" organisms. Humans were at the top. Inaccurate because reinforced that organism did not change Linnaeus was one of the first to go against it |
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Taxonomic Levels |
Linnaeus grouped organisms based on shared physical characteristics Domain -> Kingdom -> Phyla -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genera -> Species (Dumb Kids Pick Cake Over Fresh Green Salad) |
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Phylogeny and Clades |
The science that deals with the evolutionary relationships among species Phylogenetic trees are like family trees, in these a clade is group that includes a single ancestor and all of its descendants |
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Domains of Life |
3 Domains (present): Archaea Bacteria Eukarya post Linnaeus - pre-1996: Monera Eukarya Linnaeus: Animals Plants |
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Kingdoms of Life |
Archaea: Archaea Bacteria: Bacteria Eukarya: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists |
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Prokaryotes |
The cells that the organisms in domain bacteria and archaea are made of These organisms are all unicellular that lack membrane bound organelles Live in extreme conditions (very hot, very cold, very gaseous) Scientists don't know a lot about them because they can't create these conditions in a lab |
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General Characteristics of Bacteria |
Contain a single looped chromosome in the nucleiod Ribosomes are scattered throughout, pili or flagella for movement |
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Shapes of Bacteria |
Coccus (round) Bacillus (rod) Spirochete (spiral) Strep (chain) Staph (cluster) |
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Domains Bacteria vs Archaea |
Each have cell wall and membranes but have unique chemical makeup |
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Protists |
Kingdom in Domain Eukarya. Very diverse, can be large or small, aquatic or terrestial, stationary or mobile Help performs photosynthesis and abundant in soil Were the first eukaryotes and are often used when an organism is not classified as any other taxonomic group |
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Plasmodium |
Type of Protist Parasite that causes malaria |
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Giardia Lamblia |
Type of Protist Intestinal parasite that causes giardiasis or beaver fever |
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Trichomonas Vaginalis |
Type of Protist Sexually transmitted disease that can cause itching and scratching |
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Porphyra |
Type of Protist The seaweed used in sushi, also used in toothpastes, cosmetics, paints and food additives |
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Fungi |
Kingdom in the Domain Eukarya One of the most common but least visible organisms on earth Used to be classified as plants but are different, important in decomposing and engaging in symbiotic relationships with plants Also used in antivirals, antibiotics and medicine |
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Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi & Plants |
Mycorrhizae: Fungi gain sugars and nutrients from plants, which are able to germinate phosphorus from soil thanks to mycorrhizae (used in development of food in harsh climates) Lichens: Combo of green algae or cyanobacteria and a sac fungus. Fungi gain carbs, plant gains CO2, H2O and support |
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Plants vs. Fungi |
Plants: 1 nucleus per cell Most are autotrophs Store E as starch Have roots Cell wall of cellulose Reproduce by seed Fungi: Can have many nuclei Are heterotrophs Few storage molecules No roots Cell wall of chitin Don't reproduce by seed |
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Characteristics of Plants |
Multicellular, Eukaryotic, Almost all perform photosynthesis, Cell wall of cellulose, Stationary, Reproduce by alteration of generations |
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Types of Plants |
Bryophytes, Tracheophytes, Spermatophytes |
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Bryophytes |
Very basic and early in evolutionary timeline. Most common are mosses. Do not have vascular system just simple diffusion and active transport. Don't have true roots. (Ex: Peat moss) |
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Tracheophytes |
Earliest vascular plants to evolve, most common are ferns. Recognizable by the leafy portion, the frond. (Ex: Fiddlehead ferns) |
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Spermatophytes |
Have two types, gymnosperms and angiosperms. All seed plants, they have roots, stems and leaves. Most recently evolved |
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Gymnosperms |
Includes pines, conifers and spruces Most have needle like leaves that can survive in harsh dry, hot and cold weathers. (Ex: Yew) |
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Angiosperms |
More than all other plant divisions combined. Species discovered almost daily, all are tracheophytes and all will have flowers and fruit for reproduction |
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Levels of Organization for Plants |
Atoms -> Molecules -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Plant -> Population |
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Meristematic Cells |
Specialized cells in plants, similar to stem cells in animals. Found in tips of roots and leaves. |
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Epidermal Tissue |
These cells and tissue can be found on the exterior of the plant Clear and very thin layer, form a protective layer, allows for exchange of materials and gases |
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Ground Tissue |
Make up the majority of the plant. Function depends on where it is. |
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Vascular Tissue |
Transports water and nutrients through the plant. 2 types of xylem and phloem Xylem: responsible for movement of water and minerals from the root up to the stem and leaves Phloem: transports sugar produced in photosynthesis from leaves to other parts of the plant |
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Xylem vs. Phloem |
Xylem - are dead and hollow with cell walls, transport water and dissolved minerals Phloem - are alive and lack nucleus and organelles, transport organic materials (sugars) |
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Roots |
Help in anchorage, absorption of water and minerals, storage, conduction water/nutrients Ground tissue - provides support, stores sugar, starches and other substances Vascular tissue - both xylem and phloem, for transportation of materials |
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Stems |
Supports leaves and fruits, transportation of water and sugars throughout plant Epidermal tissue - provides protection Ground tissue - provides storage of materials, support and photosynthesis if green Vascular tissue - both xylem and phloem, for transportation of materials |
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Leaves |
Major function is to perform photosynthesis Epidermal tissue - is a transparent protective layer Ground tissue - called mesophyll, performs photosynthesis and allows for gas exchange Vascular tissue - both xylem and phloem, for transportation of materials |
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Plant Growth |
Nutrients from soil, water, light |
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Virus |
A small non-living particle, contains genetic material surrounded by protein Are not considered to be alive because they can't grow or reproduce on their own, also don't use energy, create waste |
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Rhinovirus |
Most common viral infection. Cause of the common cold |
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HPV |
The human papillomavirus is a DNA virus. Over 130 strains, some can be symptomatic while some aren't. Cause of 70% of cervical cancer |
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Ebola |
Ebola virus disease or Ebola hemorrhage fever is a viral fever Spreads through bodily fluids, eventually your organs will shut down and you bleed internally |
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HIV |
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a viral infection that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) AIDS is a progressive condition which leads to the failure of the immune system Passes through transfer of bodily fluids |
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Smallpox |
Was/is an infectious disease caused by 2 strains of the same virus Attacks small blood vessels, was considered to be globally eradicated but came back thanks to anti-vaxxers |
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Benefits of Viruses |
Can be used in gene therapy and to lower the numbers of harmful bacteria. |
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Expert Groups |
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General Info on Kingdoms |
Back (Definition) |
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Animalia |
A kingdom of life in the domain Eukarya.
Organisms must be: Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophs Have complex tissue structure |
