Bio Chapter 6 (Exam 3)

Front 1

Types of Pathogens

Back 1

1) Viruses

2) Bacteria (Prokaryotes)

3) Fungi

4) Protozoa

5) Worms (Helminths)

Front 2

Viruses

Back 2

A virus particle is also called a virion. A virus consists of a molecule of DNA or RNA(genome) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)

Front 3

Animal Viruses

Back 3

In multicellular organisms, viruses specialize in attacking particular cell types

Front 4

Six steps of Viral Replication

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1) Penetration

2) Replication

3) Transaction

4) Translation

5) Assembly

6) Release

Front 5

See bottom of page 2

Back 5

see bottom of page 2

Front 6

Types of Viral Infections

Back 6

1) Lytic Infection

2) Latent Infection

Front 7

Three common shapes of Bacteria (Prokaryotes)

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1) Coccus - Spherical

2) Bacillus - Rod-like

3) Spirillum - Corkscrew-shaped

Front 8

Prokaryotic Cell Structure

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Prokaryotic cells have no nuclear membraneor membrane-bound organelles present. In the central region of the cell is an areacalled the nucleoid, which is separate fromthe cytoplasm

Front 9

Plasmids

Back 9

Small rings of DNA located in thecytoplasm of some prokaryotes

Front 10

Pili

Back 10

Protein projections in some bacteria thatfurther enhance adhesion to surfaces/tissues

Front 11

Endospores

Back 11

Thickly wrapped particles ofgenetic material and a few enzymes. Form inside some bacteria underinhospitable environmental conditions

Front 12

Toxins bacteria causes

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– Clostridium tetani causes tetanus

– Clostridium botulinum causes botulism

– Clostridium perfringens causes gas gangrene

Front 13

Fungi

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Most are multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Most fungal infections (mycoses) are superficial (onsurfaces). Few are systemic (throughout body)

Front 14

Protozoa

Back 14

Single-celled microscopic eukaryoticparasites. Release toxins & enzymes to destroy cells. Can acquire from soil, water, food, insect vectors, or sexually

Front 15

Worms (Helminths)

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Multicellular animals. Harder for immune system to destroy. Anti-helminth medications. Can acquire from undercooked meat, water or insects

Front 16

Flukes

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Parasitic flatworms that have complex life cycles that include anintermediate host, such as a snail. Blood flukes cause schistosomiasis, which causessymptoms such as diarrhea, anemia, and possiblebrain damage

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Stages of Disease

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1) Incubation Period

2) Prodromal

3) Clinical Period

4) Convalescence Period

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Potential Outcomes of Infection

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A) Terminal (death)

B) Morbidity

C) Recover With Immunity

D) Recover Without Immunity

E) Recover as Asymptomatic Carrier

F) Relapse

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Non-Specific Defenses

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1) Skin

2) Mucous Membranes

3) Bodily Secretions

4) Blood Components

5) Fever

6) Phagocytosis

7) Inflammation

Front 20

Specific Defenses

Back 20

A) Humoral Immunity

B) Cell-Mediated Immunity

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Humoral Immunity

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Antigens on surface of pathogen are recognized by B- lymphocytes (B-Cells). Activated B-cell divides to make copies of itself and differentiates. Most dividing B-cells become Plasma Cells. Some dividing B-cells become Memory B Cells.

Front 22

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Back 22

Involves two types of T-Lymphocytes (T-Cells):

1) Helper T-Cells

2) Killer T-Cells

Natural Killer Cells also help to kill altered self cells and foreign transplanted cells