Bio 2- Exam 3

Front 1

multi-cellular

Back 1

are sponges single or multi-cellular?

Front 2

sensory

Back 2

animal ....... systems are a network of interconnected nerve cells (neurons)

Front 3

1. sense/respond to environmental stimuli

2.coordinate muscle actions

3. controls internal functions to maintain homeostasis

Back 3

animal sensory systems are responsible/function to (3 answers)

Front 4

sponges

Back 4

all multicellular animals have a nervous system except ........

Front 5

1. light levels

2. temperature

3.physical forces

4. chemical gradients

Back 5

the first evolutionary nervous systems were only about to sense/detect what?

Front 6

1. regulate body functions in response to sensory cues

2. make complex behavior possible

3. contain ganglia

Back 6

as more complex nervous systems evolved, the more complex they become by being able to:

Front 7

ganglia

Back 7

........ are a group of nerve cells that process sensory information and signal a response to motor neurons.

Front 8

peripheral

Back 8

......... nervous system functions/ works with sensory and motor nerves

Front 9

central nervous system

Back 9

........... nervous system function/ works with the brain, nerve cord, and ganglia

Front 10

1. the brain processes input from the entire body, where as ganglia may process sections

2. the brain is divided into specialized segments, ganglia is not.

3. brain is bilobar (2 halves), ganglia is not.

Back 10

what are three differences between ganglia and the brain?

Front 11

peripheral

Back 11

the ............ nervous system is sub-divided into two division. sensory division, and motor division.

Front 12

sensory

Back 12

........... division is a division of the peripheral nervous systems. the neurons of this division bring info to central nervous system.

Front 13

motor

Back 13

....... division is a division of the peripheral nervous systems. the neurons of this division relay info from the central nervous system.

Front 14

somatic

autonomic

Back 14

the peripheral system has a motor division that is even further divided into ............. nervous system and ........... nervous system.

Front 15

somatic

Back 15

.......... nervous system carries signals to skeletal muscle in response to external stimuli.

Front 16

autonomic

Back 16

........... nervous system carries signals that regulate the internal environment of the animal. think (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, excretory) involuntary movement.

Front 17

parasympathetic

sympathetic

Back 17

the autonomic nervous system divides into ........... division and ............ division.

Front 18

parasympathetic

Back 18

........ division is an even further division of the autonomic nervous system. this division functions in gaining/conserving energy.

Front 19

sympathetic

Back 19

........... division is an even further division of the autonomic nervous system. this division function in energy CONSUMPTION and action by animals.

Front 20

1. sensory neurons

2. inter neurons

3. motor neurons

Back 20

basic nervous organization is composed of three types of neurons: what are they?

Front 21

sensory

Back 21

......... neurons receive stimuli about external environment.

ex: temperature, light, chemical, physical

Front 22

inter

Back 22

......... neurons process sensory input and transmit information to various body regions where they communicate with motor neurons.

Front 23

motor

Back 23

......... neurons cause muscle contraction and release chemicals from glands.

Front 24

neurons.

Back 24

all ......... contain a cell body, dendrites, axon hillock, axon terminals, and synapses.

Front 25

cell body

Back 25

the ......... of a neuron contains a nucleus, and has two branched processes for input/output.

Front 26

dendrites

Back 26

the ........ of a neuron receive input of stimuli from other neurons.

Front 27

axon hilock

Back 27

the ............. of a neuron receiving an accumulation of signals from the dendrites to a certain threshold. once this threshold is met, the neuron fires an action potential which travels down the axon to the axon terminals.

Front 28

axon terminals

Back 28

the ............ of a neuron nearly contact the membranes of dendrites of other neurons.

Front 29

synapses

Back 29

the ........ of a neuron is the combination of the neurons axon terminal, synaptic cleft, and dendrite of another neuron.

Front 30

synapses

Back 30

in the ........ of the neurons, action potential reaches axon terminals and causes a release of neurotransmitters. these neurotransmitters bind to the surface of the nearby dendrite. this causes a change in electric charge distribution on the dendrite.

Front 31

sponges

Back 31

.......... contain groups of cells that respond to local chemical and physicals cues but is not consider a nervous system

Front 32

cnidarians

Back 32

........... contain a network of neurons like a "nerve net," but do not have centralization, meaning no brain/ganglia.

ex: sea anemone

Front 33

bilaterians

Back 33

......... contain two fused, enlarged ganglia which receive input from sensory nerves which distinguishes the head end from the tail end.

EX: flatworm, earthworm, crayfish, grasshopper

Front 34

bilaterians

Back 34

the nerve cord in ........... contain bundles of multiple nerve cells.

Front 35

bilaterians

Back 35

in ....... the nerve cord contain impulses that are transmitted through the body; many peripheral nerves branch from this nerve cord.

Front 36

flatworms

Back 36

........... also known are planeria, contain a pair of nerve cords that run posterior and are "ladder like" peripheral nerves.

Front 37

annelids

arthopods

Back 37

............ and .......... contain a single nerve cord running posterior from cerebral ganglia (brain). the nerve cord also runs on the ventral(belly side) of the body. each body segment of these organisms contain fused ganglia connect by fused cords.

Ex: insects

Front 38

molluscs

Back 38

in ......... the nervous system of various ganglia are distributed throughout the body. most of these organisms like snails and cephalopods have a head which contains enlarged ganglion (brain) that sends large nerves outward throughout the body.

Front 39

vertebrates

Back 39

............. all have the same basic structure of nervous system. ganglia in the head form the brain. they have a single nerve cord along the dorsal (back side) of the body. nerve cord is tubular.

Front 40

forebrain

midbrain

hindbrain

Back 40

all vertebrates brains contain three parts. what are they?

Front 41

1. size of brain increases in phylogenetic lineages

2. increase in compartmentalization of function

3. increase in sophistication and complexity of the forebrain in phylogenetic lineages.

Back 41

what are the three trends that occur among vertebrate brains?

Front 42

forebrain

Back 42

the ........... part of the brain is responsible for olfactory, motor, memory, and spatial processing.

Front 43

midbrain

Back 43

the ...... part of the brain is responsible for sight

Front 44

hindbrain

Back 44

the ............. part of the brain contains the cerebellum (balance/movement), and medulla oblongata (taste/ hearing). the part of the brain also controls respiration, circulation, and digestion.

Front 45

myelin sheath

Back 45

hag fish/ lampreys lack a ......... around their nerve fibers which results in slower nervous conduction.

Front 46

higher

Back 46

............ vertebrate nervous system include mammals. this vertebrate nervous system is dominated by cerebral hemispheres. in this vertebrate nervous system, complex neural pathways enhance sensory and behavioral responses.

Front 47

cephalization

Back 47

............. is the concentration of nervous system components at the one end of body (head region)

Front 48

1. organisms can have polarized locomotion, meaning that they can detect sensory info from ahead.

2. predation which allows early detection of prey.

Back 48

what are two adaptations to cephalization:

Front 49

sensory

Back 49

in ....... systems, its important to have an ability to sense changes to the surrounding environment. Bacteria and sponges can detect chemical and pressure changes.

Front 50

sensory transduction

Back 50

............ is the conversion of physical or chemical stimuli to nerve impulses in either a sensory receptor or a neuron that it synapses with/

Front 51

1. strength of signal (brightness, loudness, or weak signals)

2. location of stimulus

3. stimulus filtering (filtering out less important signals)

Back 51

what are the three types of info that are conveyed to the brain?

Front 52

neuron

Back 52

the rate of ......... firing is the number of action potentials per unit time.

Front 53

discrete; continuous

Back 53

....... stimulation is a quick touch, where as .......... stimulation is a touch that is held for a long period of time where eventually the sensory receptors decrease sensation.

Front 54

1. chemoreceptors

2. mechanoreceptors

3. thermoreceptors

4. nocireceptors

5. photoreceptors

6. electrorecptors

Back 54

what are the six animal sensory receptors

Front 55

chemoreceptors

Back 55

........ is an animal sensory receptors that is a response to chemical cues

Front 56

chemoceptors

Back 56

........ bind molecules to specific protein receptors on cell membranes.

Front 57

mechanoreceptors

Back 57

....... is a animal sensory receptors that respond to physical deformation of the cell membrane caused by physical contact. these receptors are found throughout the integument of vertebrates.

Front 58

thermoreceptors

Back 58

............... are composed of free dendrites in the integument and central nervous system that respond to temperature. these receptors are involved in heat gain/loss ad regulating blood flow and metabolism.

Front 59

nocireceptors

Back 59

...... are animal sensory receptors that free dendrites in the integument and connective tissue that respond to excessive mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli by withdrawal.

Front 60

photoreceptors

Back 60

............. are animal sensory receptors that are in the eyes or eyespots sensitive to light levels.

Front 61

electroreceptors

Back 61

.......... are animal sensory receptors that detect electrical stimuli.

Front 62

gustation

Back 62

is the sense of taste

Front 63

taste buds

Back 63

chemosensory receptor cells are located in ............

Front 64

evolutionary developments.

Back 64

multicellularity, gastrulation, collagen, tissues, and symmetry are what on the phylogenetic tree?

Front 65

gastrulation

Back 65

is the migration of cells inward to form germ layers of cells during embryo development.

Front 66

collagen

Back 66

are protein fibers in the skeleton

Front 67

tissues

Back 67

lead to the development of organs

Front 68

symmetry

Back 68

is how the body is organized/ oriented.

Front 69

radial

Back 69

what symmetry do cnidarians have?

ex: sea jellies, sea anemones

Front 70

coelom

Back 70

in bilaterians, the division is based on the body cavity also known as .........

Front 71

acoelomates

Back 71

........... are organisms that don't have a body cavity

Front 72

pseuodcoelomates

Back 72

........... are organisms that have a body cavity but is doesn't completely surround the internal organs.

ex: nematodes

Front 73

coelomates

Back 73

are organisms that contain a body cavity

Front 74

diplobastic

Back 74

are animals with two germ layers. these are ectoderm and endoderm. this feature is found in cnidarians.

Front 75

triplobastic

Back 75

are animlas with three germ layers. this layers include ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. this feature is found in bilatarians.