Bio 110 Chapter 4-6

Front 1

Two points of Cell Theory:

Back 1

1. all living organisms are composed of cells

2. basic unit of structure and organization in organisms

Front 2

What is Cell Theory??

Back 2

states that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from earlier cells

Front 3

3 main parts of a cell

Back 3

Plasma Membrane

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Front 4

Cell surface area must be small so....

Back 4

that wastes don't build up and so nutrients and gases needed can get into the cell in time to use them

Front 5

What are Two types of cells?

Back 5

Animal Cell: has Centriole and lysosome not in most plant cells

Plant Cells: central vacuole, cell wall, and chloroplast are not in animal cells

Front 6

What are parts of Prokaryotic Cells?

Back 6

Prokaryotic Cell: Plasma membrane of identical structure. Cytoplasm occupies entire interim of the cell. Single cellular chromosomes in nuclei region. Both have ribosomes, but the structure differs a little. First evolved 3.5 billion years ago. Smaller and simpler, no membrane bound organelles most are surrounded by cell walls some have capsules, pili, and/or flagella.

Front 7

What are parts of Eukaryotic Cells?

Back 7

-Eukaryotic Cells: Cytoplasm occupies the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane, one of more linear chromosomes in nucleus. Ribosomes evolved approximately 2.1 billon years ago, larger more complex, membrane bound organelles (for example, nucleus and ER), plant cells surrounded by cell walls; animal cells surrounded by extracellular matrix.

Front 8

Function of Nucleus?

Back 8

Houses DNA,a prominent structure within the nucleus, is the site where the components of ribosomes are made.

Front 9

Function of Cytoplasm

Back 9

the region of the cell outside the nucleus and within the plasma membrane.

Front 10

Function of Ribosomes

Back 10

small blue dots in the cells and outside of the nucleus. Responsible for protein synthesis.

Front 11

Function of Golgi

Back 11

works closely with the ER, an organelle the receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical products.

Front 12

Function of ER

Back 12

rough Er; refers to Ribosomes that stud the outside of the membrane. Smooth ER; refers to the fact that this organelle lacks the ribosomes that populate the surface of rough ER.

Front 13

Function of Lysosomes

Back 13

a membrane that sac of digestive enzymes found in animal cells.

Front 14

Function of Cytoskeleton

Back 14

a network of protein fibers extending through out the cytoplasm

Front 15

Function of Cilia and Flagella

Back 15

Flagella: propel cells with an undulating, whiplike motion

Cilia: are generally shorter and more numerous than flagella and move in a coordinated back and forth motion.

Front 16

Function of Mitochondria

Back 16

cellular respiration takes place; during cellular respiration, energy is harvested from sugars and transformed into another chemical called ATP.

Front 17

Function of Chloroplasts

Back 17

which are unique to the photosynthetic cells of plants and algae are the organelles that perform photosynthesis.

Front 18

Function of Centriole

Back 18

help with cell division in animal cells; formation of spindle fibers that separate chromosomes

Front 19

Structure and Function of the Plasma/Cell Membrane

Back 19

Looks like a “fluid mosaic” (flexible conglomerate of lipids, proteins, cholesterols, etc.

Front 20

Selectively permeable through

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the lipids and by the protein ‘gates’

Front 21

Proteins in the membrane have special functions

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enzymatic, transport (for active transport), attachment on the outside of the cell, and makes junctions!

Front 22

What makes rough ER rough?

Back 22

Ribosomes that std the outside of the membrane

Front 23

Energy related organelles in cells

Back 23

mitochondria and chloroplast

Front 24

Animals have which organelles not seen in plants

Back 24

Centriole and lysosomes

Front 25

Plants have which organelles not seen in animals

Back 25

Central vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast

Front 26

Potential Energy?

Back 26

The energy an object has because of it location and structure

Front 27

Kinetic Energy?

Back 27

Chemical energy converted from food

energy of motion

Front 28

1st Law of Thermodynamic - 2nd Law of Thermodynamics=

Back 28

The first law, also known as Law of Conservation of Energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system.

The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of any isolated system always increases.

The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.

Front 29

Entropy is the measure

Back 29

of disorder

Front 30

Metabolism

Back 30

Total of all the chemical reaction in an organisms

Front 31

Calorie

Back 31

The amount of chemical energy that can raise the temp of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C

Front 32

Where does oxygenated Cellular Respiration happen in the cell?

Back 32

Mitochondria

Front 33

Three steps to Cellular Respiration

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1. Glycolysis

2. Citric Acid Cycle

3. Electron Transport

Front 34

What is the energy mouse of cells?

Back 34

ATP

Front 35

What are enzymes and how do the function, factors that affect enzyme activity.

Back 35

Speed up chemical reactions would being consumed by those reactors

Front 36

Hypertonic

Back 36

excess solute outside the cell causes cell to lose water hypotonic: low solute outside the cell causes cell to take in water

Front 37

Isotonic:

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equal water and solute inside and outside of the cell

Front 38

Passive transport processes

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examples diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

Front 39

Active Transport across the cell membrane:

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associated with accumulating high concentrations of molecules that the cells needs, such as glucose and amino acids.

Front 40

Endocytosis? Exocytosis?

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1.is a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell (endo- + cytosis) by engulfing them in an energy-using process.

2.materials are exported out of the cell via secretory vesicles

Front 41

Producers=

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Autotrophs

-make all their own organic molecules

Front 42

Consumers=

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Heterotrophs

- cannot make all organic molecules

Front 43

Cellular Respiration is the breaking down

Back 43

of food or chemical energy to convert it into ATP (a usable form of energy).

Front 44

What are two ways to get glucose to break down?

Back 44

-With O2

-Without O2

Front 45

How many ATPS would you have at the end of aerobic cellular respiration?

Back 45

32

Front 46

Of the three main stages of Cellular Respiration which occurs in the Cytosol/Cytoplasm?

Back 46

Glycolysis (occurs in the cytoplasm)One glucose is split into two pyruvates (C3H4O3). 4 ATP are produced, but 2 endergonic reactions use up 2 ATP.Glycolysis requires no oxygen, and occurs whether oxygen is present or not.Glycolysis occurs in all living cells.Fermentation follows glycolysis in anaerobic conditions. Fermentation is not part of aerobic cellular respiration.Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm.The purpose of fermentation is to prevent the accumulation of pyruvate, and to prevent the depletion of the NADox pool.There is more than one kind of fermentation.

Front 47

What is Fermentation?

Back 47

Anaerobe- does use oxygen

Aerobe- must use oxygen

Front 48

What is Entrophy?

Back 48

is the measure of the amount of disorder

Front 49

Who first describe the cell?

Back 49

Robert Hook