Bee's And Beekeeping Test 1

Front 1

Back 1

Front 2

Back 2

Front 3

what are these?

Back 3

wing muscles

Front 4

Back 4

Front 5

what's found in the thorax?

Back 5

Front 6

what is this?

Back 6

Front 7

Back 7

Front 8

Back 8

Front 9

Back 9

Front 10

what is hive bee work?

Back 10

Front 11

what is field bee work?

Back 11

Front 12

*growth stages of larvae

Back 12

Front 13

what are the 3 developmental stages that take place w/in capped cell?

Back 13

egg
larva
pupa

Front 14

time spent in each stage? (days)

Back 14

Front 15

the queen develops in which plane?

Back 15

vertically

Front 16

who's the queen/drone/worker?

Back 16

A: queen
B: Drone
C: Worker

Front 17

who's egg is fertilized? what are they fed as larva?

Back 17

Front 18

Back 18

Front 19

Back 19

Front 20

Back 20

Front 21

what does a bee use to for sensory?

Back 21

body hairs
antenna
compound eyes

Front 22

what is this?

Back 22

antenna

Front 23

Back 23

Front 24

Back 24

Front 25

What is inside a bee's protective head capsule?

Back 25

brains/muscles/glands

Front 26

what are those?

Back 26

wing hooks

Front 27

what's in the abdomen?

Back 27

also the digestive tract and excretory systems

Front 28

what is this?
where in the bee is this located?

Back 28

digestive/excretory systems
located in abdomen

Front 29

Back 29

Front 30

What is this?
What liquid is in action here?
What does it do?

Back 30

the liquid circulatory system
Bees, like all insects, don't actually have blood. They have a fluid called "hemolymph". The insect's organs literally float in the viscous hemolymph liquid. The liquid is circulated inside the insect's shell by a very primitive heart-like muscle.
The hemolymph itself doesn't need to carry much oxygen. hemolymph can be clear, yellow, green, pink, or even blue depending upon the nutrients and cells it transports.
The primary purpose of hemolymph is to carry the nutrients extracted in the stomach to the insects organs.

Front 31

what is this?
what does a bee breath through, how does it get oxygen?

Back 31

air circulatory system
spiracles: tracheal tubes located around its abdomen which feed oxygen directly to the organs.

Front 32

what is this?
who does it belong to?

Back 32

Front 33

what is being pointed out?

Back 33

glandular system (exocrine)

Front 34

what is the honey bee's taxonomic classification?

Back 34

Front 35

what is the codex definition of honey?

Back 35

Front 36

how is honey made?

Back 36

Front 37

what is honey's chemical equation/formula?

Back 37

Front 38

how are two ways water evaporates from the honey?

Back 38

actively: bee's fan their wings
passively: just over time

Front 39

what is the proper water content of harvested honey?

Back 39

no more than 18%

Front 40

how many flowers must honey bee's tap to make one pound of honey?

Back 40

2 million

Front 41

how much honey does an average honey bee worker make in it's life time?

Back 41

1/12 of a teaspoon

Front 42

how far does a hive of bees fly to make one lbl of honey?

Back 42

55,000 miles

Front 43

how many flowers does one honey bee visit on a collection trip?

Back 43

50-100

Front 44

how is honey different from sugar?

Back 44

Front 45

what are products from bees?

Back 45

honey (extracted, or section cut)
wax
pollen
royal jelly
propolis
bee brood (to eat)
bee venom
service of pollination
mead
(you can also sell supplies like supers to bee keepers)

Front 46

what is the per capita consumption of honey?

Back 46

1.3 lbs

Front 47

what are uses for beeswax?

Back 47

Front 48

what are uses of pollen?

Back 48

Front 49

where does royal jelly come from?
who gets fed royal jelly?
where is it stored?
what is it made of?

Back 49

Front 50

what is propolis?
what is it used for?

Back 50

Front 51

how many grams of propolis do bees produce per year?

Back 51

10-300

Front 52

top bar hive Vs. langstroth hive

Back 52

Front 53

what is a pest?

Back 53

Front 54

what effects pest populations?

Back 54

Front 55

what does IPM stand for?
what is it?

Back 55

Front 56

what are some pest management practices?

Back 56

Front 57

what is this?

Back 57

aka: varroa mite

Front 58

what is this?

Back 58

varroa mite

Front 59

what is the life cycle of the varroa mite?

Back 59

Front 60

how global is the varroa mite?

Back 60

Front 61

how can you test for varroa mite populations?

Back 61

Front 62

what is an economic threshold?

Back 62

density of a pest at which a control treatment will provide an economic return.

Front 63

what are pros/cons of sticky traps/sugar rolls/and drone brood capping?

Back 63

Front 64

what is a cultural control of varroa mites?

Back 64

resistant bee stock
-hygienic queens (SMR / VSH):The reproduction of mites triggers their removal by the bees.
-russian stock

Front 65

what are physical controls of varroa mites?

Back 65

Front 66

what's a biological control of varroa mites?

Back 66

fungus
Metarhizium anisopliae

Front 67

what is a chemical control for varroa mites?

Back 67

Plastic strips w/ miticide

Front 68

how do hygienic bee's control varroa mites?

Back 68

Hygienic bees detect, uncap and remove sealed, 5th instar larvae that are infected with a pathogen [or pest] and avoid further disease transmission through the colony.

Front 69

how do you assess Hygiene Behavior in bees?

Back 69

1.A plastic or metal cylinder is pushed into the comb over newly capped brood.
2.Pour in the liquid N2 and allow it to evaporate
3.Monitor the rate at which the bees clean
out the dead larvae
4.Quicker is better

Front 70

what is the life cycle of the tracheal mite?

Back 70

Front 71

how can you check for tracheal mites?

Back 71

Tracheal mites:
Dissection of the thoracic trachea to confirm
tracheal mite infestation

Front 72

what is this showing?

Back 72

a tracheal mite infestation
Trachea from healthy workers should be white with a silvery reflection. The ones here are infected with tracheal mites (Acarapis woodi) and have become brownish or black due to the scar tissue from mite feeding.

Front 73

what are mites that infest honey bees?

Back 73

Varroa mites (Varroa destructor)
Tracheal mites (Acarapis woodi)

Front 74

how do tracheal mites affect bees?

Back 74

Too many mites blocks the airway and workers become physically weaker and die earlier compared to healthy bees.

Front 75

what is tracheal mite control?

Back 75

Tracheal Mite Control


Menthol (fumigant)


Formic acid gel packs


Grease patties


Miticides (acaricides_


Resistant stock

Front 76

what are bee brood diseases?

Back 76

Bacterial pathogens
– AFB (American foul brood) + EFB
(European foul brood)


Fungal pathogens
– Chalkbrood


Viral pathogens
– Sacbrood

Front 77

what is AFB?

Back 77

American Foul Brood
– caused by Paenibacillus larvae; is indicated by the spotty brood pattern and sunken cappings with holes. Brood killed by AFB can be recognized by the pupal tongue which points upward.

Front 78

what is the "ropey test"
what does it check for?

Back 78

This tests for AFB
The “goo” left by AFB-killed larvae can be drawn to form a "rope".
EFB-killed larvae do not form rope easily.

Front 79

What makes America foul brood so dangerous?

Back 79

The dead larvae dehydrate and become "scales" which are difficult for bees to remove, and contain millions of spores which remain infective for many years (decades

Front 80

how do you treat American foul brood?

Back 80

-Terramycin (oxytetracycline) – treatment, but does not kill spores.
-Fire has historically been the way to deal with AFB.
-Irradiation is available in some areas now.

Front 81

what diseases are these?

Back 81

Front 82

what is EFB?
how does it differ from AFB?

Back 82

European foul brood (EFB)
-These larvae die earlier than those of AFB, while the larvae are still coiled (AFB larvae die in straight, upright position) and show yellow streaks first, which then turn brown.
-Caused by a bacterium Melissococcus pluton

Front 83

what is chalkbrood?

Back 83

larvae becomes moldy then hardened to be similar to pieces of white chalk.
-Caused by a fungus (Ascosphaera apis)
-considered a "stress" disease, only occurring in weak, or in otherwise stressed colonies (not enough workers, sudden cold spell in spring etc).

Front 84

what are adult bee diseases?

Back 84

Nosema
spp.


Protozoan
pathogen


N. apis


N. ceranae

Front 85

how do you prevent wax moths?

Back 85

Strong colonies


Fumigate stored drawn comb


Freeze


CO
2
fumigation


Open stacking


Heat


Natural enemies
– Virus
– Braconid wasp,
Apanteles
spp.

Front 86

what is this?
why is it important to manage?

Back 86

-Larvae tunnel through comb with stored honey or pollen, damaging or destroying cappings and comb. -Larvae defecate in honey and the honey becomes discolored from the feces.
-Activity of the larvae causes fermentation and a frothiness in the honey; the honey develops a characteristic odor of decaying oranges.
-Damage and fermentation cause honey to run out of combs, creating a mess in hives or extracting rooms.
-Heavy infestations cause bees to abscond; some beekeepers have reported the rapid collapse of even strong colonies.

Front 87

how do you manage the small hive beetle?

Back 87

-Monitoring
– Hive examination
– Trapping
– Strong colonies
– Treatment of soil with insecticide (to kill pupae
leaving colony to burrow in soil)

Front 88

what causes colony collapse disorder?
what are the symptoms?

Back 88

Symptoms – adult bees disappear
First documented in late 2006
Cause(s) – under investigation – pathogens,
environmental toxins, poor nutrition, inbreeding,
cell phones…?

Front 89

Back 89

Front 90

what's the queen's role?

Back 90

Mother of all members of the colony
• Repository of all heritable characteristics
of the colony
– Within her ovaries
– Within sperm from drones she has mated
with
• Controls the sex of her offspring
• Produces queen substance

Front 91

what are the average days for development?

Back 91

Front 92

what is a virgin queen's first acts?

Back 92

- 1st day kills other queens; Destroys sealed queen cells
- 3 to 5 days after emergence, queen makes several orientation flights
-Takes nuptial flight on the 5th to 14th day after emergence

Front 93

how does a queen bee mate?

Back 93

-Queen passes through drone congregation area
• Drones pursue her in the shape of a comet
• Successful drone mounts queen and explosively ejaculates semen into her sting chamber

Front 94

what is this?

Back 94

the queen reproductive tract
you fools

Front 95

when does a queen start egg laying?
what does she do with each cell?

Back 95

2 to 5 days after mating, queen starts to lay eggs
• Queen inspects cell
• Queen measures width of cell with forelegs
– Determines whether cell needs fertilized or unfertilized egg
• Queen places small end of egg on bottom of cell

Front 96

what's the common egg laying pattern?

Back 96

Typically, laying pattern occurs in
concentric circles on both sides of the
comb

Front 97

what are queen replacement strategies?

Back 97

• Supersedure – failing queen replaced
• Swarming – colony unit reproduced
• Emergency Queen Rearing (humans/bees)
• Commercial Queen Rearing (humans)

Front 98

what structure is this?

Back 98

queen cup

Front 99

what structure is this?

Back 99

queen cell

Front 100

why do bees swarm?

Back 100

• Too little queen substance
• Queen lays fertilized egg in cup
• Colony rears replacement queens
• Queen reduces egg laying/losses weight
• Workers reduce activity/increase honey
stomach contents

Front 101

how do you prevent swarms?

Back 101

• Provision of plenty of room for brood nest
expansion
• Adequate nectar storage/honey ripening
space
• Optimal hive environmental conditions
• Sufficient hive ventilation
• Young queens

Front 102

Back 102

Front 103

which type of bee does each ovarian system correspond to?

Back 103

Front 104

what is happening?

Back 104

sexy times

Front 105

why is this so terrifying?

Back 105

because it's instrumental insemination (aka bee rape)

Front 106

what method is this?
what's it for?

Back 106

The miller method
specific hive cut to produce maximum queen space

Front 107

Back 107

it's a hand!

Front 108

what's grafting?

Back 108

- the process of transferring larva
from the worker cell of the breeder's hive
to an artificial queen cell.

Front 109

how does one graft?

Back 109

•Day 1
- Give breeder hive an empty dark brood comb to lay eggs in.
•Day 4
- Transfer (graft) larva into artificial queen cell cups, from the breeder comb. Place the frame into a strong colony (cell builder) made queenless the day before.
•Day 14
- Remove completed cells from cell builder.
Leave one cell behind to replace the queen. Keep queen cells warm (80-94 F) until they are placed in queenless hives (mating nucs).
•Day 22
- Virgin queens are ready to mate. They require
nice weather (69 F), and an abundance of drones to
mate with. A few colonies within a mile are adequate for providing drones for mating.
•Day 27
- If queens mate without weather delay, they
should now be laying eggs.