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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Phagocytes are made in |
Bone marrow |
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Monocytes |
Short lived cells (few hours) Migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages |
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Tissue macrophages |
Long lived Phagocytose pathogens Present internalised broken down pathogens as peptides to Tcells, triggering acquired/adaptive response |
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Granulocytes |
Neutrophils (most abundant leukocytes at 50-70% of total)
Dendritic cells - APCs - capture, process and present antigen to T cells
Mast cells - IgE receptors- release prostaglandins, histamine, heparin, cytokines and chemokines
Basophils - IgE receptors - found in blood
Eosinophils - found near respiratory and gut epithelia - parasitic invasion response e.g schistosomes. Attach to parasite then degranulate |
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Natural killer cells |
Large granulocyte lymphocytes Express killer cell immunoglobulin like receptors and CD receptors
Cytotoxic against virally infected and tumour cells Activated by cytokines secreted by activated T cells |
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Acquired immunity |
Aka adaptive immunity |
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Major histocompatibility complex |
Genes coding for MHC map to chromosome 6. Encode the HLA antigens (glycoproteins) found on the surface of cells
Responsible for recognition of self |
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Class I MHC |
HLA A, B, C, E, F, G Present protein fragments to CD8 cytotoxic T cells
Short peptides (8-9 amino acids long)
Derived from inside the cell cytoplasm Endogenous eg viruses |
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Class II MHC |
HLA DR, DQ and DP Expressed on specialised APCs Present antigen to CD4 helper T cells Longer peptides (15-24 amino acids long) Derived from outside the cell Exogenous e.g bacteria |
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Antigen presenting cells |
Express class II MHC Include Macrophages Dendritic cells Langerhans cells in skin B lymphocytes
Produce interleukin 1
Take up and process antigen into peptides which form a complex with class II MHC then present to T helper cells and trigger immune response |
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B Cells |
Develop in bone marrow and found in all lymphoid tissue Express class II MHC on cell surface Produce interleukin 1 Take up and process antigen, present to antigen specific T cells which secrete cytokines and induce clonal B cell proliferation and differentiation into antibody producing plasma cells |
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Antibodies |
5 classes IgG - placental transfer (none of the other classes do) Makes up most of serum immunoglobulin pool
IgA - in mucosal secretions
IgD - functions as transmembrane Ag receptor on mature B cells |
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T cells |
Can directly lyse target cells or activate other immune cells via cytokine release
Immature T cells are generated in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus to either helper or cytotoxic T cells They then migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue or circulating/peripheral tissues |
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CD4 T helper cells |
Can be either Th1 or Th2
In pregnancy there’s a shift to Th2 as the placenta produces IL4 and IL10 which results in: Suppression of cell mediated immunity and increased susceptibility to viral pathogens |
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Skin grafts |
Autologous - self skin graft Syngeneic - identical twin Allogenic - another human except identical twin Xenogeneic - one species to another (pig heart transplant in human) |
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Graft vs host disease |
Signs and symptoms: Rash, necrosis, bullae Transaminitis, hyperbilirinaemia Mucositis, diarrhoea and vomiting |
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Immunosuppressive drugs |
Back (Definition) |
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Hypersensitivity reactions |
Back (Definition) |
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Fetus |
Evades maternal immune response as: 1. Fetal cells express MHC class I (HLA A, B, C, E)
Only synctiotrophoblast and extravillous trophoblast interface with mum and need to avoid immune detection. |
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HLA G |
Reduces the maternal T cell response to trophoblast by inducing CD8 T cell apoptosis and inhibiting CD4 T cell proliferation
Protects fetus from maternal NK cells |
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Mechanisms that prevent maternal IgG damage |
IgG can pass across the placenta |
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Haemolytic disease of the newborn |
15% of Caucasians are rhD negative Caused by sensitisation of the Rh-ve mother and rh positive baby Memory IgG response Crosses placenta and leads to haemolysis of fetal red blood cells in utero
Greatest risk of anaemia - anti D, c and K |
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Fetus |
Is a semi-allograft |
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Fetus |
Is a semi-allograft |
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Fetal immune system |
Yolk sac first site of immune cells T cells develop in thymus from 8 weeks B cells develop in liver and spleen from 12 weeks Immunoglobulins in amniotic fluid from 12 weeks
IgG crosses the placenta via endocytosis from 6 weeks |
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Breast milk |
Rich in secretory IgA Lysozyme Lactoperoxidase Lactoferrin Complement Neutrophils |
