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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the functionalist who came up with the 2 marital roles & name them |
Talcott Parsons (1955) Instrumental - The father - breadwinner role Expressive - The mother - nurture/carer |
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What does Parsons argue the gender division of labour is&does? |
- everyone benefits from this specialisation - it's functional for the family (efficiency), it's members (socialisation of young) and wider society. - the division is biologically based - women are natural carers and men are naturally providers. |
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What 2 theories agree with the idea of biology based gender division |
The New Right & Functionalists |
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What does the 'march of progress' view argue? |
That post - industrial revolution Our society has become more integrated and from this has arisen the symmetrical family Where conjugal roles are more equally spread between the sexes |
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Who identified the 2 types of conjugal roles? + what were they? + who gives support for them? |
Bott 1957 Segregated - sharp division of labour (like Parson's instrumental and expressive roles) - husband and wife spend leisure separately Support = Young & Willmott 1962 - found separated conjugal roles in working class extended families in the 1950s Joint - couples share domestic tasks and leisure. |
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Who support the Idea of the symmetrical family? + evidence |
Young & Willmott 1973 - See long - term trend towards joint conjugal roles: - most women now go out to work - 'The New Man' - men help with housework and child care - couples spend their leisure time together - Men have become more home centered & the family more privitised |
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List some reasons for the rise in the symmetrical family in the 20th century |
Social changes + higher living standards + labour-saving devices + better housing + emancipation of women (eg. women work) |
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Which theory opposes the 'March of Progress View'? + give 2 names as evidence |
Feminism - still see the family as patriarchal.
+ Oakley (1974) - no evidence for symmetry - said Young & Willmotts study (72% of men helped with housework) was flawed - although husbands said they 'helped' - their definition could include just ironing their own shirt once a week.
+ Boulton (1983) - need to look at who is responsible for tasks not just who performs them. -eg. Wife seen as responsible for childcare - less than 1 man took a major part in childcare
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Who counteracts the feminist arguments against the march of progress view? |
Sullivan (2000) {holds more weight - more recent than Oakley or Boulton} -women now do less domestic work, men do more traditional 'womens' tasks + more couples have an equal division of labour |
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Outline 'Dual burden' |
Feminist view - women working hasn't led to greater equality - women now take on the dual burden - paid work & domestic work |
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2 names who support the feminist 'triple shift' theory |
Braun (2011) - most fathers = background fathers - still held a 'provider ideology' (their role as breadwinner rather than carer) Duncombe & Marsden (1995) - expand on the dual shift theory: Triple shift - emotion work, domestic labour, and paid work. |
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What is the cultural ideological explanation for division of labour? |
Patriarchal cultural norms shape gender roles. Women perform more domestic labour because that is what they were socialised to do. |
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What does the ideological explanation of gender division of labour counteract? |
The functionalist theory of gender roles being biologically programed. |
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What would an ideological solution be for equality of conjugal roles? |
equality will only be achieved when attitudes, values, expectations, role models and socialisation change. |
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Who came up with 'gender scripts'? + explain. |
Dunne ' s (1999) Study of 37 lesbian couples with children Found a more equal division of labour Gender scripts: Heterosexuals - socialised into gender scripts - set out different masculine & feminine roles Lesbians - didn't link household tasks to gender scripts - more equal |
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Who found family resources were often dealt with unequally with the woman sacrificing the most? |
Kempson (1994) |
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Who identified these 2 controls over family income? : The allowance system & Pooling |
Pahl & Vogler (1993) |
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What did Edgell's (1980) Study into decision making among professional couples find? |
Very important decisions ( eg. Finances) = dealt with by the husband alone Important decisions = dealt with jointly Less important decisions (eg. Food purchase)= dealt with by the wife |
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What are the 2 main explanations for inequalities in decision making? |
Material - men = breadwinners/ women = financially dependant therefore get less say. Cultural - feminists argue patriarchal gender role socialisation = instils idea men are decision - makers |
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What is the personal life perspective on money in the family? + 1 name to support. |
Focuses on the meanings couples give to who controls the money. Nyman (2003) - different couples give money different meanings - this reflects the nature of their relationship. |
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What could Smart ' s argument: -" It is essential to start from the personal meanings of the actors involved in the situation" - evaluate? |
The material & cultural explanations for inequality in decision making between couples. |
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What are the 2 explanations for police statistics under-estimating the extent of domestic violence. |
Under-reporting - Yernshire - on average a woman suffers 35 assults before reporting DV. Under-recording - Police are often unwilling to report/investigate DV - because they don't want to get involved in the 'private family sphere' |
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Radical feminist view of domestic violence |
Family = male oppression mechanism +men benefit from womens unpaid labour & sexual services
Domestic V enables men to control women
Men also dominate the state - explains why police courts fail to take domestic violence seriously. |
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Dobash & Dobash found supporting evidence for..... as they found....... |
... radical feminist explanation for domestic violence ....Findings: + violence triggered when husbands felt their authority was being challenged + conclusion - Marriage legitimises violence by giving power to (biologically patriarchal) men. |
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Marxist feminist view of domestic violence (1 name) |
Inequality produces domestic violence. + Ansley (1972) Male workers exploited at work take out their frustration on their wives
Women = 'Takers of ****' |
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Give an example of a direct and indirect policy that affects the family |
Direct = 1988 divorce reform act or child protection or contraception Indirect = compulsory schooling - provides childcare for working parents But also keeps kids financially dependant for longer |
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Give the functionalist view of government policy's affect on the family |
+ Society is based on value concensus + policies help the family to perform it's functions - socialising children, caring for the welfare of its members etc. + March of progress view = policies are slowly improving family life eg. Welfare state - access to NHS |
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Give the new right view of government policy's effect in the family |
+ conservative political perspective + opposes state intervention + The family will be self-reliant, able to socialise children effectively & care for its members IF it is a nuclear family and the parents perform their biological gender roles properly. |
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Define neo-conventional family |
The New labour's favoured alternative to the nuclear family It's a dual-earner family structure. |
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What 2 criticisms would the new right give for welfare policies? |
1) results in a dependency culture 2) Murray (1984) sees benefits as 'perverse incentives' in rewarding irresponsible behaviour (eg. Easier for Fathers leave families because the state can provide benefits) |
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Where did New labour & New right see eye to eye? |
They both saw married heterosexual couples ad the best environment for bringing up children |
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Give the feminist view of government policy's effect in the family |
+ conflict perspective ( sees society as based upon a conflict of interests between men and women ) + Social policies shape and define family life to benefit men & maintain patriarchy. + Land (1978) - policies assume the patriarchal family to be the norm. - as a result policies act as a self fulfilling prophesy - reproducing sex inequality Eg. Maternity leave is longer than paternity leave - reinforcing women's responsibility for child care. |
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Who came up with the 2 gender regimes? + what are they & examples |
Drew (1995) - gender regimes describes how social policies in different countries can either encourage/discourage gender equality in the family. Familistic gender regimes - assume traditional gender division
E.g Greece - little state welfare = women have to rely on support form extended kin. Individualistic gender regimes - treat husbands and wives the same Eg. Sweden - equal opportunities policies + parental leave + good welfare services = women are independent |
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Since global recession began 2008 cut backs on gov spending have lead to .... |
Pressure on women to take more responsibility for caring for family members |
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Since 2008 there has been a trend towards .... policies |
....Neo - liberal welfare policies In which individuals are encouraged to use the market rather than the state to meet their needs. |
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Who theorised the neo-conventional family? + who also said ' although there is some increased diversity, the nuclear family remains dominant' ? |
Chester 1985 |
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Rapoport and Rapoport (1982) |
+ opposed Chester ' s comment 'the nuclear family remains dominant' + see diversity as central to family today + unlike New Right they see diversity as meeting people's needs, not causing family decline + '5 types of diversity' |
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What are Rapoports' five types of diversity? (Only Cute Couples Like Games) |
Organisational - eg. Joint/segregated conjugal roles
Cultural - eg. Ethnic groups have different family structures
Class - eg. differences in child rearing practices
Life cycle differences - eg. Pensioner couples, parents with young children.
Generational differences - eg. In attitudes to cohabitation |
