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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is primatology? |
Study of biology + behaviour of non-human primates. |
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Who were "Leakey's Angels", and what did each study? |
Dian Fossey - Mountain Gorillas at Karisoke Research Centre, Rwanda
Jane Goodall - Chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania
Biruté Galdikas - Orangutans at Camp Leakey, Tanjung Putting Reserve, Borneo, Indonesia |
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Who was the "father of primatology"? |
Robert Yearkes |
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What are three types of primate study? |
1. Comparative Anatomy 2. Captive Behaviour 3. Wild Studies |
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Why is captive behaviour good to study? (2) |
1. Study of cognitive psychology |
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What is good about primate data from Japan? |
Multi-generational data in same groups. |
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What is the modern "holistic" approach to Primatology? (2) |
1. Multi-disciplinary: Biology, Ecology, Behaviour, Psychology, Evolution, Biomedical |
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What are six things humans can learn about themselves from studying primates? |
1. Potentially analogous to early human ancestors 2. Development of learning 3. Behaviour in relation to physical/social environments. 4. Function of body (morphology, neuroanatomy, physiology). 5. Models for human growth and development. 6. Medical research |
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How could primates be analogous to early human ancestors? |
Inference of population, social demographics, ecology, behaviour, diet, species diversity. |
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How could primatology reveal development of learning? |
e.g. Captive studies: how parent teaches infant |
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What can primatology teach us about morphology, neuroanatomy, physiology, etc.? |
How organ work; Parkinson's Disease, etc. |
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How can primatology help humans learn about growth and development? |
Effects of child abuse, stress, smoking, drugs, alcohol. |
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Why study primates without intention to learn about humans? |
Conservation, interest in primates |
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What separates primates from other mammals? |
Primates are generalized; most other mammals are specialized. |
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Modern definition of primates based on limbs and locomotion: (7) |
1. Tendency toward erect upper body posture 2. Flexible, generalized limb structure for variety of movement. 3. Prehensile (grasping) hands & feet 4. Five digits on hands and feet. 5. Opposable thumb & divergent big toe 6. Nails, not claws 7. Tactile pads (sensory nerve fibres on tips of digits) |
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Modern definition of primates based on diet and teeth: (2) |
1. Omnivorous (2. Generalized dentition) |
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Modern definition of primates based on senses and the brain: (5) |
1. Colour vision for all diurnal primates 2. Depth perception (binocular [forward facing eyes], stereoscopic [3D] vision) 3. Post-orbital bar 4. Decrease reliance on olfaction (reduced olfactory bulbs) 5. Expansion of brain and neocortex complexity |
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Modern definition of primates based on maturation, learning and behaviour: (4) |
1. Delayed maturation and extended lifespan (placenta, gestation, single births) 2. Greater dependence on flexible, learned behaviours 3. Social groups tendency toward permanent association of adult males 4. Tendency toward diurnal activity patterns |
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Who invented the binomial classification system? |
Carolus von Linnaeus |
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How are primates categories taxonomically? |
Kingdom: Animalia ("King Philip Came Over For Green Soup") |
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When two species have a shared body structure due to common ancestry, it is called a(n): |
homology |
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When two species have a shared body structure due to common function (not common ancestry), it is called a(n): |
analogy |
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When two species have a shared body structure due to separate evolutionary development, it is called a(n): |
homoplasy |
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Hooves, flippers, and wings are all: |
derived traits |
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How is the Order Primates divided first and what is this category of division called? |
Strepsirrhini and Haplorhini (Suborder) |
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How is Suborder Strepsirrhini divided and what is this category called? |
Lemuroidea & Lorisoidea (Superfamily) |
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How is Suborder Haplorhini divided and what is this category called? |
Anthropoidea and Tarsiiformes (Infraorder) |
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How is Infraorder Tarsiiformes divided and what is this category called? |
Tarsiodea (Superfamily) |
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How is Infraorder Anthropoidea divided and what is this category called? |
Catarrhini and Platyrrhini (Parvorder) |
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What does Parvorder Caterrhini include in laymen's terms? |
Old World Monkeys and Apes |
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What does Parvorder Platyrrhini include in laymen's terms? |
New World Monkeys |
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How is the Parvorder Platyrrhini further divided and what is this category called? |
Callitrichidae, Cebidae, Atelidae, Aotidae, Pitheciidae (Family) |
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How is Parvorder Catarrhini divided and what is this category called? |
Hominoidea and Cercopithecoidea (Superfamily) |
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What is Superfamily Cercopithecoidea in laymen's terms? |
Old World Monkeys |
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How is Superfamily Hominoidea divided and what is this category called? What do these mean in laymen's terms? |
Hominidae and Hylobatidae (Family) Great Apes and Lesser Apes |
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How is Family Hominidae further divided and what is this category called? What do these mean in laymen's terms? |
Homininae, Gorillinae, Ponginae (Subfamily) Humans and Chimps, Gorillas, Orangutans. |
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How is Subfamily Homininae further divided and what is this category called? |
Homo and Pan (Genus) |
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What are four characteristics of Strepsirhines? |
1. Rhinarium 2. Lateral eye placement 3. Dental comb 4. Grooming (toilet) claw |
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What primates are included as Strepsirhines? |
Lemurs, lorises, galagos |
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What is the difference between lorises and galagos? |
Lorises: slow, climbing quadrupeds, some hunt animals. Galagos: vertical clingers and leapers, insectivorous and/or fruit, leaves, gum, slugs. |
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How do lemurs move and behave? |
Large diversity: arboreal and terrestrial; clingers & leapers and quadrupedal; large social groups to solitary; range from small to large; diurnal and nocturnal; omnivorous and insectivorous. |
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How are Haplorhines physically recognized? (4) |
1. Expanded primate characteristics (larger brain/body; reduced olfaction; increased reliance on vision) 3. Less specialized dentition (no dental comb) 4. Fused mandible |
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How are Tarsiers more like Strepsirhines or Haplorhines? |
Strepsirhines: nocturnal, immobile eyes, insectivorous, unfused mandible, two grooming claws Haplorhines: Partial post-orbital closure,, genetically closer, no dental comb, no tapetum lucidum (reflects light for nocturnal eyes; glowing eyes in photos), retinal fovea (trichromatic vision), no rhinarium. |
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85% of primates are in what kind? |
Monkeys (~260 species) |
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Marmosets and tamarins are in what Family? |
Callitrichidae |
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What monkeys have twins and form mated pairs where males are involved in care? |
Callitrichidae (marmosets and tamarins) |
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Capuchins and Squirrel Monkeys are in what Family? |
Cebidae |
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Which Family holds the most intelligent Platyrrhines? |
Cebidae (Capuchins and Squirrel Monkeys) |
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Night Monkeys and Owl Monkeys are in what Family? |
Aotidae |
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Which Family of primates has the only truly nocturnal monkeys and males as the primary care-givers? |
Aotidae (Night Monkeys and Owl Monkeys) |
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Titis, Sakis, and Uakaris are part of what primate Family? |
Pitheciidae |
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Which Family of primates have the smallest New World Monkeys? |
Callitrichidae (marmosets and tamarins) |
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How are Pithecids divided by family units? |
Polygamous: uakaris, bearded sakis Monogamous: titi, Pithecia sakis |
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Howler, Spider, and Woolly monkeys, plus Muriqui are all in what Family? |
Atelidae |
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Which Family of Platyrrhines have fully pre-hensile tails? |
Atelids |
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How are Cercopithecoids physically recognized? (4) Where are they located? |
1. Non pre-hensile tail (often very small) 2. Ischial callosities (butt pads) 3. Greater sexual dimorphism than Platyrrhines. 4. Estrus or female sexual swelling (not all species) - Sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia; most diverse areas (snow covered to desert) |
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How are Cercopithecoids further divided and what is this category called? |
Cercopithecinae and Colobinae (Subfamily) |
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What is a unique trait to Cercopithecines among Cercopithecoids? |
Cheek pouches for food storage |
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What is a unique trait to Colobine monkeys among Cercopithecoids? (3) |
1. Specialized gut morphology (leaf eaters) 2. Derived specialities: proboscus nose, and 3. Pillage (fur) variation |
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How is the Superfamily Hominoidea physically recognized? (6) |
1. Larger 2. No tails 3. Shortened trunk 4. Shoulder adapted to suspensory behaviour 5. Bigger, more complex brains 6. Increased period of infant dependency |
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Which are the Asian apes? |
Hylobatidae (Lesser Apes) and Orangutans (Ponginae) |
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Which are the African apes? |
Non-Orangutan Great Apes: |
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How is the Family Hylobatidae physically recognized? (3) hat primates are in this family? |
1. Long, curved fingers 2. Long arms compared to legs 3. Heavily muscled shoulders - Gibbons and Siamangs |
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Which primate has a gular sac for vocalizing? |
Siamangs (in Hylobatidae Family) |
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What are the two subspecies of Orangutan? |
Bornean (Malaysia) & Sumatran (Indonesia) Orangs |
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What form of locomotion do Orangutans use? |
Quadrumanual arboreal |
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How are Gorillas divided into subspecies? |
By eco-zone (eastern mountain, western mountain, eastern lowland, western lowland). |
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How are Gorillas physically recognized? (3) |
1. Robust, vertical carpals (knuckle walking) 2. Longer arms than legs 3. High sexual dimorphism (silverback higher) |
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How are Orangutans physically recognized? (3) |
1. Long, thick, curved phalanges (largest arboreal ape) 2. Highly sexually dimorphic 3. Bowled face with large oval orbits spaced closely together |
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What is the binomial name for Chimpanzees? |
Pan troglodytes |
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What is the binomial name for Bonobos? |
Pan paniscus |
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What is the anatomical difference between chimpanzees and gorillas? |
Proportions same, chimpanzees smaller, chimpanzees less sexually dimorphic |
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What is the physical difference between Bonobos and Chimpanzees? |
Bonobos are smaller; more upright; have longer legs & smaller heads. |
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What is the male-female bonding & grouping difference between chimpanzees and bonobos? |
Bonobos have fluid pairings but bonded groupings; chimpanzees have fluid groupings. |
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What is the binomial name for gorillas? |
Gorilla gorilla |
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What is the binomial name for orangutans? |
Pongo borneo Sometimes the Malaysian (Bornean) and Indonesian (Sumatran) subspecies are considered separate species: Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abelii |
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List 6 haplorhine characteristics on skull: |
fused frontal, fused mandibular symphysis, fully enclosed orbit, shortened face, enlarged brain, post-orbital closure. |
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List 5 strepsirrhini characteristics on skull: |
unfused frontal, unfused mandibular symphysis, post-orbital bar, long face, no post-orbit enclosure |
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Strepsirhines have what type of molar? |
tritubercular (3 cusps) |
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Cercopithecoids have what type of molar? |
bilophodont (2 pairs; 4 cusps) |
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Cercopithecines have what type of bilophodont molar? |
flatter cusps (frugivorous) |
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Colobinae have what type of bilophodont molar? |
sharper cusps (folivorous) |
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Cercopithecoids have what kind of 3rd molar? |
Y-5 (but remain bilophodont primates) |
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Which primates have a sectorial first premolar? |
Cercopithecines (baboons and others). |
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What is the strepsirhine dental formula? |
2:1:3:3 |
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What is the tariser dental pattern? |
2:1:3:3/1:1:3:3 |
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What is the platyrrhini dental pattern? |
2:1:3:3 |
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What is the catarrhini dental pattern? |
2:1:2:3 |
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What is allometric scaling? |
Larger animals = less proportionate surface area = less heat loss Smaller animals = more proportionate surface area = more heat loss |
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What is Kleiber's Law? |
Small animals = more heat demand = increase energy demands per unit of body weight Larger animals = less heat demand = decreased energy demand per unit of body weight |
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What is Jarman-Bell Principle? |
Metabolic rate by body mass (metabolism slows with increased size) Smaller animals = Small amount of high energy foods Larger animals = High amount of low energy foods |
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What is geophagy and why do primates do it? |
Eating soil or clay; to reduce plant toxins, gain minerals, sooth stomach, control volume of endoparasites |
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What physical features might indicate a terrestrial quadruped primate? (4) |
Forelimbs and hind limbs same length Limbs close to body (forward-backward motion) Short tail Short fingers |
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What is digitigrady? |
Walk on fingers |
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What physical features might indicate an arboreal quadruped? (5) |
Forelimbs shorter than hind limbs Overall short limbs (maintain balance) Short tail Elbows & Wrists bent by default Long digits |
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What is plantigrady? |
Walking on whole surface of hands/feet |
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What physical features might indicate primate knuckle-walking? (2) |
Forelimbs longer than hind limbs More robust carpals |
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What physical features might indicate primate vertical clinging and leaping? (4) |
Elongated calcaneus (lever-like heel) Longer hind limbs than forelimbs Smaller body size Long digits |
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What physical features might indicate primate brachiation? (4) |
Forelimbs longer than hind limbs Curved digits Short lumbar Mobile shoulder joint |
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What are semi-brachiators? |
Swinging arms plus leaping |
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What is used in some primates for smelling pheromones? What physical feature is a sign of its presence? (2) |
Vomernasal organ (Jacobsen's) Diastema between central incisors (strepsirhines) |
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Differentiate three primate noses and attribute them to primate groups. (3) |
1) Rhinarium - Strepsirhines 2) Lateral placement of nostrils - Platyrrhines 3) Downward-facing nostrils - Catarrhines |
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What are the ancestral versus derived physical visual features? What do the derived versions offer? (2) |
1) Lateral versus foward-facing orbits (orbital convergence) 2) Orbital convergence offers stereoscopic vision (depth perception) |
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What determines colour vision? In what environment is it likely to occur and not occur? What kind of activity patterns will this influence (3) |
1) Number of retinal cones (bright light receptors) & number of retinal rods (dim light receptors) 2) Increase cones = increase sunlight (e.g. savannah); increase rods = decrease sunlight (e.g. dense forest) 3) Dense forests = > nocturnal activity; savannah = > diurnal activity |
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How do most nocturnal primates see in the dark? |
Tapetum lucidum (layer of post-retinal tissue that reflects and amplifies light) |
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All catarrhines and which platyrrhine have what kind of colour vision? |
Trichromatic |
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Platyrrhines and diurnal strepsirhines have what kind of colour vision? Who are the exceptions? What is this exception called? (3) |
Dichromatic Some females have trichromatic; link to x-chromosome related trait Polymorphic trait |
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Nocturnal strepsirhines and Aotids have what kind of colour vision? |
Monochromatic |
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What do some primates use for balance? |
Vibrissae (whiskers) |
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What are dermatoglyphics? What do they help with? (2) |
Fingerprints Increase grip |
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What physical features do nocturnal species have for better hearing? |
Larger pinna (ear flaps/cups) |
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What are the five tastes of a primate tongue? Are they equal among all primates? (2) |
1) Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (savoury) 2) No |
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Reproductive male primate biology includes what? (3) What correlations with social groupings are there? (1) |
1) Pendulus penis 2) Baculum (penis bone) - except tarsiers, spider monkeys, humans 3) Testes and external scrotal area 4) Increase testes size = multi-male social grouping (increase competition for greater chance of reproduction) |
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Reproductive female primate biology includes what? How does it differ in strepsirhines? |
Breasts (single pair); some strepsirhines have more than one pair |
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What are the three hypotheses for primate evolutionary anatomy? |
1) arboreal hypothesis 2) visual predation hypothesis 3) mixed diet hypothesis |
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What features of plesiadapiforms were unlike primates? (4) |
spikey teeth, claws, small brain, no post-orbital bar |
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What characteristics did the first true primates possess? (6) |
larger brains, forward-facing eyes, post-orbital bar, opposable big toe, nails, reduced snout |
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What are dental apes? |
Primates with small bodies, no brachiating shoulder, plantigrade quadruped (generalized and primitive) with 5-Y molars. |
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What are biotic and abiotic factors? |
Living and non-living |
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What is an autotroph? |
An organism that produces its own nutrients. |
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What is a heterotroph? |
Organism consumes nutrients from others. |
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What is a microconsumer? |
Organism that breaks down material (bacteria, fungi) |
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What is a macroconsumer? |
Organism that eats other plants and animals |
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How do trophic levels relate to available energy for consumption? |
Higher trophic levels = decreased available energy to consume Lower trophic levels = increased available energy to consume |
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What three factors can define an ecosystem? |
biomass, population density, carrying capacity |
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What is Liebig's Law of the Minimum? |
Population increase is determined by scarcist resource availability, rather than regular resource availability (e.g. frugivorous population will increase if, when fruit is unavailable, a fall back resources is available). |
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What is Shelford's Law of Tolerance? |
Abundance, Distribution, Species Diversity all depend on levels of chemical & physical factors in specific range of ecosystem (e.g. generalists are more tolerable to least optimal conditions) |
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What is niche breadth? |
Degree of generalization or specialization (Increased population density = wide niche; vice versa) |
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What is mutualism in primate plant interactions? |
Primates act as seed dispensers and pollinators, as well as pruners, for mutual benefit of primate diet and plant reproduction. |
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What is Gause's principle? |
Two species with same resource needs can't exist in the same habitat; if all else remains equal, one will go extinct or find a new niche. |
