Apush Vocab Chapter 27

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Yellow press

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Joseph Pulitzer and William Pandolph Hearst; newspapers as having daily multi-column front-page headlines covering a variety of topics, such as sports and scandal, using bold layouts (with large illustrations and perhaps color), heavy reliance on unnamed sources, and unabashed self-promotion. “You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the war”

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Josiah Strong

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Wrote Our Country: Its Possible Furute and it’s Present Crisis; Trumpeted the superiority of the Anglo-Saxon civilization and summoned Americans to PSread their religion and their values to the “backward people”. He believed that all races could be improved and uplifted and thereby brought to Christ.

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Our Country

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Written by Josiah Strong; intended to promote domestic missionary activity in the American West.; pleaded as well for more missionary work in the nation's cities, and for reconciliation to end racial conflict

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Henry Cabot Lodge

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was an American statesman, a Republican politician, was a staunch supporter of the gold standard; interpreting social Darwinism like Theodore Roosevelt, and that it mean that the earth belonged to the strong and the fir- that is, to Uncle Sam.

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Capt. Alfred Thayer Mahan

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Wrote in 1890 The Influence of Sea Power upon History; argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance. Helped stimulate the naval race among the great powers that gained momentum around the turn of the century

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The Influence of Sea Power upon History

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argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance; written by Capt. Alfred Thayer Mahan in 1890

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Uncle Sam

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The cartoon man and idea that stood for the United States used in cartoons to portray the going ons and personality of the U.S.

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Pan-American Conference

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1889 Held in WA DC, the modest beginnings of an increasingly important series of inter-American assemblages; headed by James Blaine.

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Samoa

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Cause for near blows between the American and German navies in the 1880’s and 1890’s. divided between the two nations in 1899; the German portion eventually became an independent republic

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Hawaii

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had early attracted the attention of Americans; New England missionaries first arrived preached Protestant Christianity. Became an increasingly important center for sugar production. Cam to be regarded as a virtual extension to the American coastline. Chinese and Japanese workers moved into the Hawaiian Islands and soon out numbered the natives and whites. Sugar markets went sour when the Mckinly Tarriff raised barriors against the Hawiian product; 1898 annexed into the U.S.

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Queen Kiliuokalani

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Last Reigning queen on Hawaii; insisted that native Hawaiians should control the islands; formed a successful revolt in 1893 to block out the majority which wanted to annex the territory into the U.S/ “Hawaii for the Hawaiians!”

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USS Maine

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sent to Cuba, for a “friendly visit” but actually to protect Americans if a dangerous flare-up should occur to demonstrate Washington’s concern for the islands stability; Febuary 1898 it mysteriously blew up in Havana Harbor and lost 260 sailors; Spanish investigated and said it was internal and accidental, Americans said the Spanish blew it up and that the blast came from a Spanish submarine mine. Triggered the Spanosh American War “Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain!”

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Election of 1900

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: McKinley was worried about Democratic reprisals in this election if he continued to appear indesicive in a time of crisis. It was a rematch of the 1896 race between Republican President William McKinley and his Democratic challenger, William Jennings Bryan. The return of economic prosperity and recent victory in the Spanish-American War helped McKinley to score a decisive victory. McKinley chose New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt as his running mate as Garret Hobart had died from heart failure in 1899.

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Spanish-American War

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1898: “The Splendid Little War”- John Hay; issues of the liberation of Cuba. The war began after American demand for the resolution of the Cuban fight for independence was rejected by Spain. Strong expansionist sentiment in the United States motivated the government to develop a plan for annexation of Spain's remaining overseas territories including the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam

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Philippines

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By the terms of the Treaty of Paris in 1898, Spain recognized Cuba’s independence and ceded the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and the Pacific Island of Guam to the United States in exchange for $20 million. As 1899 dawned Americans possessed an island empire from the Caribbean to the Pacific.

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Admiral George Dewey

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The first action of the Spanish-American War came in 1898 when Commodore George Dewey’s fleet steamed into Manila Bay in the Philippines. This fleet destroyed and captured all ten Spanish ships that were assigned in Manila Bay. One American and 381 Spanish men died in the attempt

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Rough Riders

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The battle of San Juan Hill was fought on July 1, 1898 during the American advance on Santiago during the Spanish-American War. A division including the Rough Riders, under the command of General Kent, captured the hill, placing the American army on high ground overlooking Santiago.

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Roosevelt, Theodore

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appointed as Assistant Secretary of the Navy by President William McKinley in 1897. Roosevelt was an impatient disciple in the Spanish-American War, acting largely on his own. In 1898, Roosevelt resigned to become second in command of the Rough Riders.

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Aguinaldo, Emilio

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In 1896 Emilio Aguinaldo started a Filipino movement for independence to get out of Spain’s control. When Spain surrendered, Aguinaldo drew up a constitution and proclaimed the Philippines’s independence. When the Treaty of Paris gave the United States power over the Philippines, Aguinaldo became angry and tried to fight. He soon realized that he would lose and gave up

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Treaty of Paris 1898

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ended the Spanish-American War and developed an American empire overseas. In the treaty, Spain agreed to abandon Cuba and exchange Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to America for $20 million. The treaty gave the United States a new imperialistic reputation

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American Empire

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controversial term referring to the political, economic, military and cultural influence of the United States. The concept of an American Empire was first popularized in the aftermath of the Spanish-American War of 1898. The sources and proponents of this concept range from classical Marxist theorists of imperialism as a product of capitalism, to modern liberal theorists opposed to what they take to be aggressive U.S. policy, to neoconservatives who believe the U.S. must embrace an imperial role.

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Puerto Rico

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By the terms of the Treaty of Paris in 1898, Spain recognized Cuba’s independence and ceded the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and the Pacific Island of Guam to the United States in exchange for $20 million. As 1899 dawned Americans possessed an island empire from the Caribbean to the Pacific

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Jingoism

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aggressive, nationalistic and patriotic expansion. Theodore Roosevelt, among many others, believed in this extreme form of expansion

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“Little Brown Brothers"

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term used by Americans to refer to Filipinos during the period of U.S. colonial rule over the Philippines, following the Treaty of Paris between Spain and the United States, and the Philippine-American War. The term was coined by William Howard Taft, the first American Governor-General of the Philippines (1901-1904)

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William Howard Taft

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The first American Governor-General of the Philippines 27th President of the United States and later chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1857-1930)

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Open Door Notes

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In 1899 the United States feared that countries with "spheres of influence" in China might choose to limit or restrict trade to and from their respective areas. John Hay avoided any problems with trade by sending notes to each country who held power in China asking them to keep trade open and tariffs low.

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John Hay

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the Secretary of State in 1899; dispatched the Open Door Notes to keep the countries that had spheres of influence in China from taking over China and closing the doors on trade between China and the U.S

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Filipino Insurrection

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Even before the Philippines were annexed by the U.S. there was tension between U.S. troops and Filipinos. One U.S. sentry shot a Filipino who was crossing a bridge. The situation deteriorated and eventually we entered into a war with the Philippines. It would take two years to settle this dispute, as compared to the four months needed to defeat the once powerful Spain. Though the U.S. had better arms, the guerilla warfare employed by the Filipinos left the Americans outmatched. Between 200,000 and 600,000 Filipinos died in the war, most from sickness and disease caused by the war.

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Panama Canal

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When a French company supposed to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama went bankrupt, it offered to sell its assets to the United States. The Hay-Herrán agreement, which would have granted the US a ninety-nine-year lease on a strip of land for canal construction, was rejected by the Colombian senate. Determined to have a canal, Roosevelt found a collaborator in Philippe Bunau-Varilla, who organized a "revolution." After Panama was recognized, the canal building commenced.

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Roosevelt Corollary

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In 1904, Roosevelt created the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. This doctrine justified U.S. intervention in the affairs of Latin American nations if their weakness or wrongdoing warranted such action. An example of this interference was the American intervention in Haiti when it was not wanted. The document was primarily a pass for the US to interfere with other countries’ business when it was not wanted nor needed.

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Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

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signed in1903 between the United States and Panama that allowed the United States to build the Panama Canal. The United States leased the 10-mile wide canal zone with a down payment of $10 million and an annual payment of $250,000 for ninety-nine years.

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Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

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In 1901, the United States planned to construct the Panama Canal. This meant they would be in need of a new treaty. Secretary of State John Hay and British Ambassador Sir Julian Pauncefote agreed on a new treaty that would drop England’s claim on the canal.

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“Big Stick” Policy

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One of Roosevelt’s most famous statements was "speak softly and carry a big stick." An example of his meaning in this statement was when Canada wanted the Alaskan land that America owned. They were fighting over the boundaries because of gold found in the area. Roosevelt simply stated that if the boundaries would change, there would be serious consequences. Because of his problem solving method, Roosevelt was known to use "Big Stick" diplomacy

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Russo-Japanese War

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The Russo-Japanese war (1904-05) was the first conflict in which an Asian power defeated a European country. Fighting began when the Japanese attacked the Russian fleet at Port Arthur after Russia, which had occupied Manchuria during the Boxer Uprising in China, refused to withdraw its troops

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Treaty of Portsmouth

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The meeting between Japan, Russia, and the U.S. that ended the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for stopping the fighting between those two countries

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Gentlemen’s Agreement

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In the 1890’s, workers feared their jobs would be taken by the Japanese immigrants and they wanted a law preventing any more immigrants to move to the United States. In 1907 Japan proposed the Gentlemen’s Agreement which promised that they would halt the unrestricted immigration if President Roosevelt promised to discourage any laws being made that would restrict Japanese immigration to the US

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Root-Takahira Agreement

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In 1908, Japan and the United States signed the Root-Takahira Agreement. Through this document the two nations promised not to seek territorial gain in the Pacific. These two nations also promised to honor an open door policy in China.

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Great White Fleet

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a naval fleet that went on a voyage around the world. After 15 months, when the fleet returned, President Roosevelt met all the crew members personally. The two objects of this voyage were being friendly with the nation’s allies but also to show other nations the naval power of the United States

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Boxer Rebellion

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The Boxers, a secret group of Chinese men known as I Ho Ch’uan, opposed Christianity in their country. Numbering 140,000, the Boxers killed thousands of foreigners as well as Chinese suspected of being Christian. British, American, Russian, Japanese and French soldiers were sent to China to end the "Boxer Rebellion

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Insular Cases

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The decisions regarding whether the Constitution applies to Puerto Rico and the Philippines are known as the Insular Cases. They ruled that the residents are inhabitants but not citizens of the United States. Because of this ruling, these countries were not honored by the Constitution and were treated as colonies

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Teller Amendment

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The U.S. had been motivated o war in part by the desire to aid the Cubans in their attempt to liberate themselves from the colonial rule of Spain. To this end the Teller Ammendment was added to the Declaration of War. It speciffically prohibited the annexation of Cuba, as a cause of the war

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Platt Amendment

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Senator Orville Platt, at the request of the War department, made a revised bill to remove some of the restrictions stated in the Teller Amendment. The Platt Amendment stated that the United States would withdraw from Cuba if they did not sign a treaty with any other foreign power. It also gave the United States the right to interfere with Cuba if they believed that it was not a fit enough country to take care of itself. Also, they established the right to hold a naval base in Cuba

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Venezuelan Boundary Crisis

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William Jennings Bryan won the national Democratic convention's nomination for the presidency in 1896 through a vigorous appeal for free coinage of silver known as the "Cross of Gold" speech. Turning to those who wanted only gold as the monetary standard, he exclaimed: "You shall not crucify mankind upon this cross of gold." As a Populist, he did not support the gold standard since it would deflate the currency, which would make it more difficult for citizens to repay debts.

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De Lome Letter

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America’s Navy wanted to establish a port in the Samoan Islands, so their ships could refuel in the island of Pago Pago. This was an example of the United States Navy’s expansion efforts in the pacific. Their goal was to obtain more ports so they could have more ships out on the ocean to control the seas.Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish Ambassador to the U.S. Criticized President McKinley as weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party