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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lincoln's 10% plan/Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
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• 1863- Created during the war when the union was winning
• Tried to end the war • Southern states can be readmitted when 10% of eligible voters took an oath of allegiance • All confederate officers can be forgiven except high ranking officials and govmt officials (so ex confederate leaders can’t rejoin the military or govmt) • Southern land can’t be redistributed or confiscated • End to slavery • Blacks can’t take the oath (if they did the 10% who take the oath would be black not white) • Wanted to create pro union governments • Radical republicans think this is too lenient |
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Wade-Davis Bill
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• 1864- Created by radical republicans who thought the 10% plan was too lenient
• Wanted to punish the south • Congress (not the president) will control reconstruction • Each former confederate state will be ruled by a military governor • 50% of eligible voters must take the ironclad oath which said they never actively supported the confederacy in order for a state to be readmitted • No confederate leaders can be leaders again • End to slavery • Lincoln pocket vetoed this |
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pocket veto
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• When the president doesn’t sign or veto a law
• if you ignore the bill and don’t do anything congress can’t override your veto • Lincoln pocket vetoed the wade davis bill |
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Thirteenth Amendment
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• Bans slavery in the constitution
• In order for the southern states to come back they had to support the 13th amendment 1865 |
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Andrew Johnson
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• Was a democrat (he didn’t support reconstruction like the republicans did)
• Replaced Lincoln after he got shot • Blames the planter class (the rich) for the civil war • Against slaves rights- he was a racist • Opposed the freedmen’s bureau • Almost got impeached |
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Presidential Reconstruction
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• Johnson leads presidential reconstruction- for a while he took over reconstruction
• Johnson’s reconstruction plan o Would restore all property to southerners (except slaves) o All southerners who took an oath of allegiance to the union would be pardoned o Required all high ranking generals to apply for a “presidential pardon” in order to be pardoned • He pardoned almost everybody- very lenient o Required southern states to accept the 13th amendment in order to come back |
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"black codes"
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• Illegal for a white to marry a black
• Gave the freedmen 3 months to find a house and a job→ if they couldn’t, you could be fined • If a freedmen was employed and quit the employer could send somebody to bring the freedmen back to work (like slavery) • Orphan freedmen were given to a white caretaker who would “train” them • Freedmen can be fined for offensive language • The black codes basically tried to keep the blacks in their place as slaves • Black codes lead to the creation of the Fourteenth Amendment |
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Freedman's Bureau
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• 1865
• Responsible for housing, educating, and building a life for ex slaves • Redistributed confiscated land to ex slaves • Built schools, got jobs for ex slaves |
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Joint Committee on Reconstruction
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• 1865- created by angry republicans when ex confederates began to be elected into congress
• Goal was to destroy the black codes and keep the confederates out of power • Attempted to recharter the freedmen’s bureau (Johnson vetoed it, congress fails to override it) • 1866- created the Freedmen’s Bureau (overrode Johnson’s veto) • Proposed the 14th amendment |
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Civil Rights Act of 1866
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• Johnson vetoed it, congress overrode it → first major law passed over a presidential veto
• Citizenship and equal rights to all blacks • Authorized federal intervention in the states to ensure black rights • Gave all ex slaves right to property and right to testify in court • did not necessarily guarantee suffrage (it only threatened southern states to grant suffrage, it didn’t guarantee it) |
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Fourteenth Amendment
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1886
• Protected civil rights and granted citizenship to all males • Fought the black codes • Invalidated Johnson’s presidential pardons • Excluded all civil, military, state, and federal officials who had supported the confederacy from holding national or state office • Abolishes the debt the confederacy owed to other countries- ex. If the confederacy owed money to Britain then Britain wasn’t getting its money back • Doesn’t guarantee suffrage explicitly- only threatened o If a state denies the right to vote to a citizen the state will lose representation in congress • Excluded women |
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Southern Homestead Act
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• set aside 44 million acres of public land in five southern states for freedmen and “loyal” whites
• the land had poor soil, and most freedmen didn’t have the resources to settle the land • 4,000 blacks settled under the homestead act- but most couldn’t establish farms on their own 1866 |
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Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction
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• army appropriations act, Military reconstruction act, tenure of office act, civil rights act of 1866, tried to impeach Johnson
• Congress took over reconstruction, they kept overriding Johnson’s vetoes |
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(Military) Reconstruction Act of 1867
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• Johnson vetoes it, congress overrides it
• Basically, reconstruction was starting over! • Invalidated the state governments formed under the Lincoln and Johnson reconstruction plans • Divided the south into 5 military districts with a military governor in charge (destroyed states rights) • Southern states had to reapply for statehood o Had to ratify the 13th and 14th amendments • Established military supervised elections |
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Congressman Thaddeus Stevens
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• Advocated for the confiscation of large confederate estates
o In order to punish the aristocracy and redistribute the land to ex slaves o Would distribute and sell the land (to pay off war debts) o Wanted to create a class of black yeomen farmers o Most republicans believed in protecting property rights- so the idea didn’t work |
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Army Appropriations Act
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1867
• Only the general of the army can issue military orders (not the president) • Intended to prevent Johnson from obstructing Reconstruction |
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Tenure of Office Act
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• Congress is trying to force Johnson to carry out reconstruction (limit his power)
• The act said the president can’t fire cabinet members without the senate’s approval o Congress is trying to keep Johnson from firing the republicans like Stanton (sec of war) who would carry out reconstruction • Johnson fires Stanton and replaces him with Grant (he’s challenging the law) o Congress tries to impeach Johnson for violating the tenure of office act- but the senate decides not to impeach him 1867 |
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Sec of War Edwin Stanton
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• Republicans in congress wanted to prevent Johnson from firing Stanton b/c Stanton supported reconstruction (while Johnson did not)
• Created the tenure of office act to protect Stanton |
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Gen Ulysses S. Grant
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• Republican
• War hero= popular • Won b/c of black support in the south • Grantism |
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Fifteenth Amendment
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1869
• Prohibited the denial of suffrage on the basis of race • Granted suffrage to all male citizens • Guaranteed and protected black suffrage o This gave a lot of political power to blacks (b/c in some states blacks dominated whites, so the black vote dominated the white vote- black congressmen get elected) • Lead to more black politicians getting elected • Loopholes o Didn’t guarantee black office holding and it didn’t prohibit voting restrictions like property requirements or literacy tests |
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Carpetbaggers
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• Democrats called republicans carpetbaggers
• People who travel south to profit off the southern economy • former union soldiers who hoped to buy land/open factories, veterans, missionaries, teachers, freedmen’s bureau agents- all headed south |
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Scalawags
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• Democrats called republicans scalawags
• Southern poor people who support reconstruction b/c reconstruction give them some rights too • white southerners who support the republicans, entrepreneurs, national bank supporters, high tariff supporters, prosperous planters, former whigs who oppose secession, small farmers, former unionists who owned no slaves, people who sought to improve economic position- didn’t support black rights or black suffrage |
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Sen. Hiram Revels (R., Miss)
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• During reconstruction blacks (especially blacks in states that were mostly black) became congressmen and senators
o Most black politicians were never enslaved • Was the first black senator (replaced Jefferson Davis in congress) |
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Sen. Blanche Bruce (R., Miss)
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• Second black senator
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Ku Klux Klan (1866)
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• Secret organization formed by ex confederate soldiers
• Terrorized blacks into not voting- lynching, murder, threats • Most prominent in southern states where blacks outnumbered whites (where blacks held a lot of political power) • Nathan Bedford Forrest (leader of KKK) |
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three Enforcements Act
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• 1870- Congress passes the Enforcement Act
o protects black voters from violence • 1871- Second Enforcement Act o Provided federal supervision of southern elections • 1871- Third Enforcement Act/ Ku Klux Klan act o strengthened punishments for those who prevented blacks from voting o allowed the president to use federal troops to enforce the law o suspended habeas corpus in areas that the president declared in insurrection • President Grant (elected in 1868) suspended the writ of habeas corpus in nine SC counties (where KKK problems were common) o Specifically fought the KKK-→ forced the KKK to go into hiding |
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Amnesty Act
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1872
• Republicans that support Grant pass the Amnesty Act in order to hurt the Liberals in their campaign o Allowed all but a few hundred ex confederate officials to hold office |
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Civil Rights Act of 1875
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• 1870- Charles Sumner proposes a bill to desegregate schools, juries, transportation facilities
• After Sumner dies the civil rights act is passed o desegregated most places except schools o the law was rarely enforced o 1883- Civil Rights Cases (Plessy versus Ferguson) invalidated the Civil Rights Act- said separate but equal was okay |
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sharecropping
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• Provided economic opportunity for blacks- provided independence
• Planter owns all the land and leases out sections to sharecroppers • Sharecroppers must pay 80% of their harvest to the landlord o Sometimes the harvests were bad (bad weather, dry season) o b/c of this sharecroppers often went into perpetual debt |
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crop-lien economy
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• sharecroppers need to pay for supplies, seeds, animals, tools, food, clothing etc.
• would pay merchants for supplies in crops • would pay the landlord in crops • crop lien system put sharecroppers into perpetual debt o Rural merchants arise • Sold supplies to tenants and sharecroppers, sold their crops to wholesalers/textile manufacturers • Since renters had no property to use as collateral, merchants secured the renters’ loans with a lien • Lien→ claim on each farmer’s next crop • This caused many tenants to go into debt (they owed crops to the landowner and the merchant) |
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election of 1868
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• Ulysses S Grant gets nominated for president in 1868
o Republican o War hero= popular o Won b/c of black support in the south • Democrats nominate Horatio Seymour o “foe” of reconstruction o opposed Lincoln |
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Gov. Horatio Seymour (Dem, NY)
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• Nominated by democrats during election of 1868
o “foe” of reconstruction o opposed Lincoln |
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Jay Gould and James Fisk
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• 1869- Jay Gould and Jim Fisk manipulated investors in order to make money when the price of gold fell→ got rich at the expense of the investors- this hurt Grant’s reputation
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Schuyler Colfax and Credit Mobilier scandal
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• contributed to Grant’s scandalous bad reputation
• Schuyler Colfax (VP) was found to be linked to the Credit Mobilier (a fraudulent construction company made to steal profits from the Union Pacific Railroad) o Union pacific directors gave money (given to them by the govmt) to Credit Mobilier o 1872- Colfax was taken off the grant ticket when Grant ran for reelection |
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whiskey ring
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• 1875- Orville Babcock (Grant’s secretary) took money from the “whiskey ring” (a group of whiskey distillers who bribed federal agents to avoid paying the whiskey tax)
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Indian ring
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• 1876- Grant’s secretary of war (William E Belknap) took bribes to sell Indian trading posts in Oklahoma- Belknap resigned after being impeached and disgraced
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Grantism
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• Grant’s administration is infamous for corruption
• Sold land belonging to native Americans • The republicans get a bad reputation b/c of Grantism • Whiskey ring, Indian ring, credit mobilier scandal, gould and fisk liberal republicans break away from republicans b/c they don't want to be afiliated with grantism (greeley=anything to beat grant) |
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Seward's Folly
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• 1867- Johnson’s secretary of state William Seward negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia
• It seemed like a stupid idea (a folly) b/c nothing was in Alaska! Until they found oil |
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Liberal Republicans
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• Liberal Republicans break away from Republicans b/c they don’t like Grant
o “liberal” meaning people who support free trade, the gold standard of currency, law of supply and demand o Denounced Grantism o Rejected republican’s high tariff policy o Free trade o Condemned “bayonet rule” in the south (military rule?) o Said the govmt in the north and south is corrupt o Nominated Horace Greeley for president • “Anything to beat Grant” was their slogan • Greeley died a few weeks after election |
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Horace Greeley and the New York Tribune
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• Greeley was nominated by the Liberal Republicans
• Nominated during the election of 1872 to run against Grant • Grant won his second term over Greeley Greeley was "anything to beat grant" |
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Panic of 1873
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• Depression hits from 1873→ 1878 under Grant
• After the civil war→ lots of industrialization, economic expansion, and speculation- there was a boom • Partly caused by the collapse of Cooke’s Bank • Greenback problem during the panic of 1873 o During the civil war people used greenbacks (a paper currency not based on gold) o In order to stabilize the postwar currency system the govmt would have to take greenbacks out of circulation o People who depended on easy credit (indebted farmers and manufacturers) wanted the greenbacks o People demanded “easy money” (greenbacks) during the depression |
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Jay Cooke
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• Jay Cooke→ 1869 takes over the Northern Pacific (transcontinental railroad line)
o 1873- the railroad’s construction costs were higher than the amount its investors were investing o Cooke’s bank shut down (the biggest in the nation) o Panic of 1873 begins- five year depression • Banks closed, land prices plummeted, ¼ railroads failed, 18,000 businesses went bankrupt, 3 million people unemployed |
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National Women Suffrage Association
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• Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony
• More radical • Condemned the 14th amendment and demanded a women’s suffrage amendment |
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American Women Suffrage Association
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• Endorsed by Julia Ward Howe and Lucy Stone
• Accepted the 14th amendment • Allied with male abolitionists and campaigned for women’s suffrage in the states |
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Minor versus Happersett 1875
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• Virginia Minor sues the registrar who denied her the right to vote
• Said the 14th amendment granted women’s suffrage • Supreme court declared that a state could constitutionally deny a women the right to vote |
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Rutherford B. Hayes
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• Elected during the election of 1876- he’s republican
• Seen as a neutral president who wasn’t affiliated with Grantism • Bland Allison Act • Elected through the compromise of 1877 |
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Bland Allison Act
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• Hayes
• Purchased 2-4 million dollars worth of silver for coining |
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Samuel Tilden
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• Nominated by democrats during the election of 1876
• Wanted “home rule” • Let the south grow on their own without government help- get the government out of the south |
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Compromise of 1877
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• Compromise between democrats and republicans
• Settled the disputed Election of 1876 o People accused FL LA and SC of having fraudulent votes • Decided the republicans will remove soldiers from the south and help industrialize and give monetary benefits to the south • In exchange, Hayes will win the presidency |
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laissez-faire
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• 1870—1900→ very Laissez faire type govmt
• govmt only handled the mail and the military- not much govmt regulation on the economy • govmt collected too many taxes that they had extra money • laissez faire→ free economy with little/no govmt involvement • govmt should refrain from regulating industry b/c it’s better for the economy (markets are a natural process) |
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Grand Army of the Republic (GAR)
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• social and political lobbying organization of northern civil war veterans
• formed and supported by Republicans→“waved the bloody shirt” to gain voter support • formed by civil war northern veterans→ campaigned for pensions and veteran benefits |
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"waving the bloody shirt"
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• Republicans would blame Democrats for the war
• Republicans and the Grand Army of the Republic would “wave the bloody shirt” to gain voter support • Reminded voters that the Republicans had led the nation during the Civil War→ so they should vote republican out of respect for those who died during the war |
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machine politics
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• a unofficial political organization where an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts
• aka→ the spoils system bribed people to vote for a certain political party Tammany Hall (NYC) - gave food and handouts to the poor to get them to vote democrat |
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spoils system
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• Gilded age politics was full of the spoils system
• When a politician bribes voters with jobs for their support • Some people saw it as corrupt, others thought the govmt should hand out more jobs |
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civil-service reform
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• Should the government regulate the economy and jobs?
• This was a big issue during the gilded age |
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James A. Garfield
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• Republican
• Becomes president in 1881 but was assassinated by Charles Guiteau o Guiteau was mad b/c he thought he had been promised a job and felt betrayed by Garfield – example of gilded age politics and spoils system |
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Chester A. Arthur
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• Became president in 1881
• Garfield’s VP- became president after Garfield got assassinated • Pendleton Service Act • Chinese Exclusion act (Arthur vetoed it, congress overrode it) o Prohibited Chinese immigrants from coming in |
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Democrats
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• Southern whites, ex confederates, planters, Catholics, irish and german immigrants, working class laborers, farmers
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Republicans
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• Blacks (they technically should have been democrats, but they supported the republicans b/c of what Lincoln did), elitists, rich people, protestants
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Republican party splits during the election of 1880
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• Stalwarts
o Lead by senator Roscoe Conkling o Wanted the federal govmt to give out more jobs • Half Breeds o Lead by senator James Blaine o Said if the govmt gave out jobs that would be the spoils system→ it’s corrupt o Wanted moderate civil service reform- but didn’t want the govmt to give out too many jobs |
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Pendleton Civil Service Act
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• 1883- first civil service act
• reformed govmt job distribution • 14,000/17,000 of federal jobs required the worker to pass a service exam in order to get the job→ required workers to be skilled in order to pass the test • Prohibits major political parties from asking for donations from federal officeholders o Hoped to end the corruption of job distribution (spoils system) |
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James G. Blaine
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• Republican candidate in the election of 1884
• Mugwumps (who were technically republican) didn’t support him • Lost to Cleveland • "Rum, Romanism and Rebellion" o Blaine supporters’ slogan o Tried to discredit Cleveland (saying he was against temperance, was a catholic, and was an ex confederate) |
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Mugwumps
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• Republicans who really wanted civil service reform- thought the job system was too corrupt (spoils system)
• Wanted the govmt to be run by the educational elite (were social Darwinists) • Made of rich elitists • If the govmt gives out so many jobs they’re messing with the natural process of job selection- the most able people can’t rise to the top • Supported Cleveland (who was a democrat) b/c he supported job reformation |
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Grover Cleveland
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• 1885- Democrat
• 1892- Democrat • "Ma, ma, where's my pa?" o Cleveland had a illigitimate child with another women- people teased him about it • Wanted job reform, small govmt, low taxes and tariffs, against govmt job handouts • Wanted the gold standard • Served 2 nonconsecutive terms • Interstate Commerce Act |
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Tariff issue and surplus federal revenues
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• After civil war tariffs were increased in order to protect new US industries (republicans love it, democrats don’t)
• 1885→ high tariffs earn the US a lot of surplus money • Election of 1888→ tariff controversy separates the two candidates- very important o Republicans (Harrison) want high tariffs to protect manufacturers o Democrats (Cleeveland) want low tariffs and gold standard o Benjamin Harrison won |
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Benjamin Harrison
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• Elected 1888- Republican
• Won b/c of his position on tariffs- election of 1888 was all about tariffs • Wanted high tariffs to protect manufacturers • McKinley Tariff, Sherman Silver Purchase Act, Sherman Anti Trust Act |
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McKinley Tariff
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• Harrison 1890
• Tariff gets raised • Republicans got a higher tariff, in exchange they voted for the silver purchase act (which the democrats wanted) |
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Sherman Silver Purchase Act
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• Republicans got a higher tariff, in exchange they voted for the silver purchase act (which the democrats wanted)
• Harrison 1890 • people like Farmers don’t have a lot of gold- they want to pay back their debts in silver b/c they have more of it • Increased the amount of silver the govmt can import each year • Silver backed currency makes paying back money easier- gold standard makes it harder • Many people opposed it b/c it caused inflation |
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Panic of 1893
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• 1892→ Cleveland becomes president again (won over Harrison)- starts pushing for a repeal of the silver purchase act
• Sherman silver purchase act leads to silver inflation→ in panic, people exchange silver for gold b/c they think the silver will be worth nothing→ depletes the US gold reserves→ causes financial panic • Cleveland gets blamed for it→ really it was Harrisons fault |
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"Coxey's Army"
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• Jacob Sechler Coxey fought for the unemployed in the US by leading a march on Washington, known as Coxey's Army, to demand relief during the depression of the mid-1890s.
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Thomas Edison
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• lightbulb, phonograph, microphone, motion-picture camera
• famous inventor • seen as the “Wizard of Menlo Park” • invented direct current |
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George Westinghouse
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• invented alternating current
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Consolidation of railroad industry
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• railroads were buying each other out
• eventually the railroads were controlled by giant monopolies, not small companies • problems arise when monopolies gain too much power o railroads would overcharge small businesses and undercharge large businesses→ monopolistic practices like that become a problem and lead people to demand govmt regulation |
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Wabash v. Illinois (1886)
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• prohibited states from regulating interstate railroad rates
• lead to the creation of the interstate commerce Act |
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Interstate Commerce Act
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• Passed under Cleveland 1887
• First govmt industry regulation/reform • Reformed the railroad industry (it was too monopolistic) • Banned monopolistic practices like giving rebates to large farmers and overcharging small farmers • Created the Interstate Commerce Commission to oversee and regulate the monopolies to make sure they follow the law • The law was too vague→ it was ineffective |
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J. Pierpont Morgan
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• Federal Steel
• Combined Federal Steel with Carnegie’s steel company to create US Steel (first business capitalized over 1 billion dollars) • Banker • Created General Electric (combined Edison’s company with another major competitor) • Lent 62 million dollars to the federal govmt when the fed govmt ran out of gold in 1895 |
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Andrew Carnegie
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• Carnegie Steel Company→ vertical integration→ owned everything from the mines to the railroads
• Owned a giant steel monopoly |
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vertical integration
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• Like Carnegie (steel) and Swift (meat packing)
• When you own your product from the raw material to the final product • Ex. Carnegie bought his own mines, steel factories, and railroad companies so he didn’t have to pay separate companies • When you completely control everything that goes into your product |
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horizontal integration
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• Like Rockefeller
• When you buy out all your competitors in the same field so only your company controls the industry |
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John D. Rockefeller
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• Standard Oil Co→ owned by Rockefeller→ was a giant oil monopoly that controlled the entire oil industry (horizontal integration)
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Types of business entities
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• Pools→ (railroads)- an informal agreement by competing companies to fix prices, share profits, and divide the market for their product in order to max profits (and reduce competition)
o Lead to creation of the Interstate Commerce Act • Trusts→ (Rockefeller- Standard Oil Co)- a monopoly that consumes an entire industry o Seen as corrupt b/c it controlled an entire industry |
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act
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• Passed under Harrison 1890
• Against large monopolies that exercised too much power • Tried to stop businesses from grouping together to create large monopolies • It gets repealed eventually |
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U.S v. E.C. Knight Company (1895)
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• Knight had a sugar monopoly- the govmt tried to break it down
• The supreme court ruled that the govmt can’t break down a monopoly • (they found a loophole in the Sherman anti trust act) |
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Horatio Alger
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• Dime novel writier
• His books illustrated the “Ideal” man- a cowboy who fights indians and rescues ladies • Represented the idea of the American dream (becoming a self made man like Carnegie) |
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Gospel of Wealth
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• Wealth is a sign of God’s approval so wealthy people have an obligation to society- the rich should help the poor and reform the ills of society b/c it’s their obligation
• Be a philanthropist • Wealthy people are socially superior, inequality is good • Distribute the money to the poor in ways that will help them (ex: build YMCA, schools, libraries) |
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Molly Maguires
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• Secret early labor union of irish miners in PA
• James McParland→ sent by the Pinkerton Detective Agency to infiltrate the union and spy on them • Maguires killed people who opposed the union |
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Management versus Labor
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• Management
o Hired scabs (people to replace strikers) o Sent Pinkertons to fight the unions o Blacklisting→ wouldn’t hire people who were in a union o Yellow dog contracts→ made employees vow that they would never join a union o Court injunctions→ used the court to issue orders that would put an end to strikes and unions • Labor o Unionized, boycotted, went on strike o Demanded closed shops (where all workers are required to join a union) o Wildcat strikes→ when one place goes on strike (not the entire union or industry) |
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general strikes
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• When the entire industry goes on strike (like the Pullman Strike)
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National Labor Union
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• 1866
• first major national union • both skilled and unskilled workers could join • appealed to farmers, factory workers, etc • not open to women or blacks • wanted better work hours, wages, conditions etc. • when the depression of 1873 hit the union suffered→ workers became so desperate for work they didn’t care for rights anymore |
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Knights of Labor
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• (1869)
• Uriah H. Stephens→ Founder • Terence V Powderly→ leader in the late 1870’s- made the union bigger and better • Idealistic labor group (sort of socialistic) • 8 hour workday, abolition of child and prison workers, equal pay for men and women, safety codes in workplaces, • workers’ cooperatives (workers will buy shares in a company so factories will be owned by workers=communist) • more greenbacks • prohibition of contract foreign labor (so manufacturers can’t hire the Chinese who will work for less) • graduated income tax (tax based on income) • govmt ownership of railroads and telegraphs |
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American Federation of Labor (AFL)’
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• Established by Samuel Gompers
• Only high skilled workers are allowed • Overpowered the Knights of Labor • More concrete ideas (less socialistic)→ higher pay, better work conditions, work hours, closed shops etc. • More exclusive, less socialist, less idealistic, only wanted better workers rights for skilled workers |
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Railroad Strike of 1877
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• First rail strike and general labor strike in US history
• Pennsylvania railroad and B&O (baltimore and ohio) railroads cut wages • Worker went on strike- it turned really violent • The strike spread to other railroad companies |
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Haymarket Square Riot
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• 1886
• Workers at McCormick Reaper factory protest for an 8 hour workday • Met at Haymarket Square to riot- police arrived and they fought • First majorly violent strike→ people think unions are a bad violent thing |
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Homestead Strike
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• 1892
• one of Carnegie’s steel mills went on strike • Frick (owner) reduced wages and hired scabs • Hired Pinkertons to attack the unionists • Afterwards the steel unions disappeared |
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Pinkerton Detective Agency
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• National detective agency that manufacturers hired to suppress unionists and strikers
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Pullman Strike
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• 1894
• Pullman company (made luxury railroad cars) o Pullman owned a town for his workers to live in o Pullman reduced wages, but kept the rent high o Pullman workers go on strike→ the strike spreads to other railroad companies o Nation wide railroad strike begins • The railroads were forced to shut down as a result of the strike • Eugene Debs o President of American Railroad Union o Kept the strike going until wages were raised (railroads were kept shut down) o Cleveland orders the army to attach mail cars to the railroads so they could accuse Debs of breaking the law if he kept halting the railroads • Said he was restraining trade |
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in Re Debs (1895)
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• Supreme court decision that ruled that the US govmt had a right to regulate interstate trade
o Cleveland had attached mailcars to the railroads (which were shut down) • Forced Eugene Debs to end the strike so the railroad could start working again |
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United Mine Workers of America
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• Mother Jones→ important leader of united mine workers of America
o Publicly advocated for unions→ persuaded workers to fight for their rights and join unions • Union for Mine workers (workers in the coal industry) • Demanded and won an eight hour workday for the miners in PA |
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International Workers of the World (Wobblies)
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• 1905
• international labor union • worked for workers rights- better work hours, wages, conditions, closed shops etc. • abolition of slavery • abolition of unemployment • included women and blacks • Leader→ Big Bill Heywood |
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Socialist Party
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• communist ideas
• the ordinary workers and laborers will rise to power • these ideas festered throughout the gilded age since there was a lot of labor unrest • many socialist ideas spread from Europe to America during this time formed in 1901 |
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"new immigrants"
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• After 1890 there’s a new wave of immigrants→ New Immigrants= southern and eastern Europe- Italians, greeks, slavs, jews, Armenians
• East Coast→ Castle Graden and Ellis Island processed immigrants • West Coast→ Angel Island processes immigrants • The poorest immigrants lived in the eastern cities where work was plentiful but low pay • The immigrants with money moved to the Midwest • Immigrants clustered together in ethnic neighborhoods and slums |
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How the Other Half Lives
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• Jacob Riss
• Book that illustrated the life of poverty of a city immigrant (specifically NYC) • Told of the horrors of slum life • Said slums were not inevitable- the middle class must work the end poverty and these terrible city conditions |
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Salvation Army
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• Middle class reformers try to relieve poverty
o Blamed poverty on the “self destrutive” cultural practices of the immigrants o Concentrated on teaching morals to the immigrants o Salvation Army→ charity that helped the poor through donations and education |
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Victorian morality and manners
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• Middle class value Victorian “sophistication”
• Ideas of etiquette and refinement that the middle class thought the poorer classes lacked • Sanitary etiquette (take a shower everyday), alcohol prohibition, anti prostitution • Middle class believed that when they taught Victorian morals to the lower class they’ll be able to escape poverty (like the Hull House) • Middle class tried to reform poverty class • Department stores→ added to Victorian ideals→ it was refined to have nice clothing |
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Anthony Comstock
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• Moral Purity Campaign→ reformers like Anthony Comstock and Charles Pankhurst demand that city officials close gambling dens, saloons, and brothels
o Tried to moralize the cities- “moral purification” • Middle class tries to reform the “corruption” of the lower classes • Founded New York Society for the Suppression of the Vice o Campaigned for stricter laws to restrict gambling dens, saloons, brothels etc. o Campaigned for public morality/decency • Big society reformer |
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Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (Stephen Crane)
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• 1870s-1880- upper class writers like Charles Eliot Norton and E. L Godkin try to set standards for fine writing/art
o said literature must avoid sexual allusions, vulguar language, disrespect for christinaity, and sad endings • Sara Orne Jewett, William Dean Howells, Stephen Crane→ violated the standards |
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Jane Addams
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• Established Hull House (a settlement house)
o Held free classes in art and English for the poor o Cooked meals for the poor o Daycare for the children • Wanted to fight poverty and the slums by educating and refining the poor • Made sure all the garbage was cleaned off the streets of the slums |
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first professional sports
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• Rise of professional sports
o Americans make baseball a professional sport • New York Knickerbockers and Cincinnati Red stockings • 1876- National Baseball League established o baseball, horse racing, and boxing are popular sports |
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William E. "Buffalo Bill" Cody
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• Was a famous buffalo hunting cowboy
• Was the image of the west→ the macho buffalo shooting cowboy • By his own count, he killed 4,280 buffalo in 17 months • Inspired the dime novels |
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Plains indians
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• Sioux Indians
• Navajos in the west Depended on Buffalo When the americans killed all the buffalo the indians had no way to survive |
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William E. "Buffalo Bill" Cody
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• Was a famous buffalo hunting cowboy
• Was the image of the west→ the macho buffalo shooting cowboy • By his own count, he killed 4,280 buffalo in 17 months • Inspired the dime novels |
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Sand Creek Massacre (1864)
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• Government forces indians to become farmers on plantations
• Indians try to resist the govmt from kicking them out (Chivington Sand Creek Massacre) • Col. John Chivington leads an army to attack innocent Cheyanne Indians→ murdered almost all of them and attacked the village • Wanted to steal the land from the indians |
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Fort Laramie Treaty
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• Treaty between the US and the Sioux
• Moved the Sioux to reservations in southern Dakota |
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Custer's Last Stand at Little Bighorn (1876)
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• Custer’s Last Stand→ Colonel George A Custer fights Sioux resistance (the Sioux didn’t want to surrender the “black hill” b/c gold was there) → the Sioux annihilated Custer’s army but were still forced to settle on govmt reservations and surrender the black hill
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A Century of Dishonor
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• Helen Hunt Jackson 1881
• Thought the best way to end Indian violence was the assimilate them into white society • Protested against Indian mistreatment |
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Dawes Severalty Treaty
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• 1887
• Ended tribal ownership of land • Split reservations into smaller farms and assigned the farms to the head of each Indian family • At the end of 25 years the indians would receive citizenship and full ownership of the farms • Govmt tried to suppress Indian language and culture Curtis act--> amended the Dawes act |
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Ghost Dance movement
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• Ghost Dance movement→ Indian movement of resistance against the US→ US army fights with the Sioux and other Indian tribes
o 1890- battle of wounded knee o Massacre of 300 Sioux indians us govmt was trying to get the indians in the west to abandon their land and become farmers on reservations--> the sioux and the indians fought back and resisted |
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Massacre at Wounded Knee (1890)
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• US attacks the Lakota and Sioux indians at Wounded Knee
• Massacred the majority of them |
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transcontinental railroad
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• Transcontinental Railroad→ 1869- US completes the first transcontinental railroad
o The two railroads connected at Promontory Point (near Utah) o Construction was authorized by the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 o Work was done by Chinese and irish immigrants o Railroad owners are the biggest landowners in the west o Railroads across the continent make westward settlement and shipping easier o Govmt granted millions of acres of land to railroad companies to encourage railroad construction→ companies sold the land to settlers→ railroads create economic success in the west |
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Homestead Act
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• 1862
• Homestead Act→ gave free land in the west to anyone who would improve the land → immigrants love it • Free land in the unsettled west→ tried to get people to settle in the west BUT as more people moved out west they started producing more food--> leads to overproduction--> leads to fall of crop prices and depression--> also leads to dust bowl |
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Oklahoma Land Rush (1889)
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• Originally Oklahoma was meant to be an Indian reservation
• Eventually land hungry farmers wanted to move to Oklahoma for land • 1889- congress opens Oklahoma for white settlement- hundreds of people move west to claim their own land • Dawes Act→ granted more land in Oklahoma to white settlers |
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Curtis Act (1898)
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• Abolished tribal courts and govmts in the Indian territory of Oklahoma which allowed Oklahoma to become a state
• Opened up the Oklahoma territory to white people for them to settle in (before it was reserved only for Indians) • Was an amendment to the Dawes Act |
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women's suffrage in the west
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• Women gain suffrage in the west before the east b/c women were valued higher in the west- they were more important to the survival of the western family
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Mining
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• Mining=big industry in the west
• Silver, coal, iron→ fueled industrialization • Miners went on strike a lot during the gilded age • Comstock Lode • Nickname for the first US discovery of silver ore • Was in Nevada • After silver was discovered prospectors ran to the west to make their fortune |
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cattle drives
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• Cowboys would herd cattle around the land and grow them until they could be sold to a slaughterhouse
• In the late 1800’s cattle industry declines b/c of overgrazing and harsh winters • Open range cattle drives eventually disappeared, but cattle ranching continues |
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bonanza farms
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• Bonanza farms→ large scale wheat farms were extremely profitable in the west
o Eventually overproduction, poor weather, and falling wheat prices made this industry unprofitable- the price was lower than the cost to produce it! • Overproduction and overplanting leads to dust storms o When the wheat price went down b/c of overproduction farmers planted more wheat b/c they needed to plant more to make the same profit→ worsened the problem |
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dime novels
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• Ned Buntline→ example of an “eastern dime novel writer”
o Glorified cowboys and frontiersmen who rescued maidens and fought indians o His character “Buffalo Bill” became so famous that the actual Buffalo Bill got enough popularity to start his show at the Chicago World’s Fair o The cowboy was the essence of manliness |
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Frederick Jackson Turner's "Frontier thesis" (1893)
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• The west makes it possible to become a self made man (American dream)
• The frontier creates the American dream- made America a free place where a poor man can make a life for himself • But nowadays the frontier is closed to new western immigrants |
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The "New South"
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• After civil war south begins to industrialize
o Rise of textile mills o South still continues to lag behind the north economically • Plessy v Ferguson justifies segregation→ separate but equal is okay • Jim crow laws enforce segregation (eventually jim crow spreads to the north) |
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Civil Rights Cases (1883)
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• Series of supreme court cases that were about black rights
• Ruled the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional o Said the 14th amendment protected citizens from govmt infringement only (not from infringement from private citizens) justified segregation and Jim Crow Laws |
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Grange movement "Patrons of Husbandry" (1867)
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• 1870’s- farmers everywhere go into debt b/c of falling crop prices, debt, and lack of farming land
o established farmer unions→ Patrons of Husbandry (Grange)→ helped farmers economically, campaigned for federal ownership/regulation of railroads→ the railroads were overcharging small farmers and undercharging monopolies o blamed railroads for their hardships • Farmers union→ goal was to improve the condition of farmers everywhere |
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"Granger laws"
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• Series of laws passed in the west that regulated railroad freight rates, grain storage rates, and rebate discrimination (how railroads undercharge big businesses and overcharge small businesses)
• Passed b/c of the Populists and the support of the farmers unions (Grange movmt) • Munn v Illinois→ railroads appealed to the supreme court to try to declare the grange laws unconstitutional→ ruling set a maximum rate for storage of grain (supported the Grange laws) |
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Farmers' Alliance
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• Group of populists
• Organized by farmers of the grange movmt • Advocated for farmers rights and workers rights • National colored farmers’ alliance (the black people versions) |
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Populist Party (People's Party of the United States) 1892
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• Falling crop prices and debt cause farmers to demand better conditions
o Blamed the railroads, the banks, the gold standard o Started with the grange movement and the farmers’ alliances • Some members of the populists came from the Greenback party (which wanted greenbacks) • Became a national political party→ demanded… o Permanent union of all working classes o Govmt ownership of railroads o Greenbacks (would allow easier currency=less debt) • Nominated James B Weaver for president during the election of 1892 |
