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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Turner's Frontier Thesis |
Idea that America would continue to grow as a country as long as their was more land to claim. He I also stated that the frontier was beginning to close as most land had already been discovered. |
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Transcontinental Railroad |
Railroad that spanned a the way from the east coast of America to the west coast allowing for easier transportation of goods and people. |
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Telegraph System |
Invention that allowed faster communication between people through Morse code. It helped connect the business world and boost growth. |
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Boomtowns and ghost towns |
Boomtowns were towns in the front their that seemingly appeared overnight and became highly populated while ghost towns were towns that seemingly ended up dying overnight as people traveled to other places. |
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Buffo soldiers |
Nickname for African Americans who fought against the native Americans in the plains in the 1870s. |
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Ghost Dance |
Dance that attempted to gain support of native communities in fighting against the white men that were taking over their land. This however ended in the battle of wounded knee and led to the Dawes Severalty Act |
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Indian wars |
Was that were a result of Americans trying to push Natives onto reservations when they didn't want to. Wars ensued but the natives ended up losing in the battle of Wounded Knee. |
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Reservation System |
System out in place by the US which attempted to place Native American tribes onto reservation areas. The natives did not like this and usually rebelled against it and a majority of those who ended up being put on reservations died. |
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Indian appropriation acts of 1871 |
Acts which ended the recognition of tribes as independent nations and nullified any treaties made between them and the government. |
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Dewes Severalty Act of 1887 |
Act which attempted to kill the Indians way of life by taken away their land and putting it into sections in attempts to Americanize them. |
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Indian boarding schools |
Schools that were developed in the 19th and 20th centuries in order to educate native Americans in hopes of making them moreike the average white citizen. |
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Gilded age |
An era of large financial growth in the US due to industrial success and a growing political field. However these increases in wealth and quality of life hid political corruption and problems with the government. |
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Resumption Act |
Act passed by Congress in 1875 where the government withdrew all greenbacks and redeemed all currency to its face value in gold. |
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Stalwarts and Half-Breeds |
Stalwarts were conservative traditional Republicans who were opposed to implementing civil service reform while Half breeds were moderate liberal Republicans who supported civil service reform. |
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Pendleton Civil service act 1833 |
Act that created a civil service commission that ended up eliminating Jackson's spoils system. Political jobs were now given based on actually merit and ability. |
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Mugwumps |
A political group of Republicans who supported the Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland because they did not support their own republican candidate James Blaine. |
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The "Solid South" |
A term given to the one party system of the south which was Democratic at the time. The South voted solidly Democrat for decades following the Civil War. |
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Panics of the 1800s |
The 1800s saw a financial panic almost every 20 years. These panics were usually the result of overspeculation of industries leading to financial depressions in the US. |
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Exodusters |
Name given to African Americans who left the southern states to go to Kansas during the reconstruction after the emergence of slavery again. |
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New Immigrants |
Wave of immigrants from Europe that went to America. These immigrants organized in urban neighborhoods where they were able to make their own ethnic enclaves where they fit in. Americans reacted to this by pushing for Americanization which most immigrants ended up doing. |
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Ellis island and angel island. |
Ellis island was an immigration center located on the east coast in new York where a majority of the european immigrants went to. Angel island was an immigration center on the west coast where Chinese people ended up migrating to. |
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Ethnic enclaves |
These were urban neighborhoods that immigrants made when they went to America. They were able to come together in groups where they all could communicate and relate to each other to help them maintain their traditions and help get through the trough times. |
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Jacob Riis and How the Other Half Lives |
Photographer during the 19th century who was known for taking pictures of the lives of the poor. His pictures highlighted the terrible living conditions of the lower class leading to reform in the work force. |
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American Protective Association |
Organization created in 1887 by nativist which attempted to limit immigration by creating new laws to prevent them from coming. Specifically targeted Catholics. |
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Americanazation |
An attempt by Americans to assimilate the new immigrants coming in. T they attempted to change the cultures of the immigrants into the dominant culture. This was usually effective as most immigrants developed at least some of the culture of America while also keeping their own. |
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Tammany Hall, William "Boss" Tweed, and George W. plunkitt. |
Boss Tweed was the first leader of the political machine known as Tammany Hall which used the vast amount of immigrants to gain political power in New York. Plunkitt was the second leader who said he was separate from Boss Tweed in how he used "Honest graft" to get where he was while others used "dishonest graft". |
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Thomas Nast |
Political cartoonist during the 19th century. He was mostly popular for his political cartoons which exposed the corruption in politics during this time and helping people realize what was going on. |
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Chinese Exclusion Act |
Act passed in 1882 which banned Chinese immigration to the US. This exclusion was a result of hatred towards the Chinese due to the fact that Americans believed that the Chinese were stealing their jobs from them and causing havoc. |
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Laissez faire economics. |
The use of a hands free economic where the government allows business to run themselves and grow as they please. Although it did allow businesses to really grow, it also allowed them to use unethical practices due to the lack of enforcement by the government. |
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"New South" |
Nickname given to the south after the end of Reconstruction. It focused more on industrializing. It was now more independent from the north control and helped co tribute to the national economy. |
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Scientific management |
A way of looking at business productivity through a more scientific lens. It involved analyzing workers and making sure that they were working as efficiently as possible in order to allow the company to work at its highest potential. |
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Assembly Line |
A way of working in which every single worker has a specific job that they are supposed to do. As the product goes down the line of workers, each worker will do their single part until the product is finished. |
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Social Darwinism |
An idea that applies Darwin's theory of evolution to society and politics. Businesses would compete and only the strongest would be able to survive. This led to people who got to the top through ethical matters (Captain of Industry) and those who achieved itbthroughb unethical means (Robber Barons) |
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Vertical and Horizontal Integration |
Vertical integration is when a company owns all of the different businesses on which it depends on for its operation. Horizontal integration is the combining of multiple businesses into one large corporation. |
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Monopolies trusts and holding companies. |
A monopoly is when a company has control over a certain market or is able to manipulate it's prices. A holding company does not produce like a normal company but instead it holds stocks in other companies that do. |
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War of currents |
A rivalry between Nikola Tesla who invented the alternating current and Thomas Edison who invented the direct current. Nikola ended up winning because the alternating current proved to be far more powerful than the Direct Current. |
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Robber Baron |
A robber barons is someone who behaved unethically in business and exposed workers and consumers in order to get to the top of their business. |
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Cornelius Vanderbilt |
Railroad owner who built a railroad track between Chicago and New York. He is best known for popularizing the use of steel roads on railroads which helped make them more efficient and safer. |
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Andrew Carnegie |
Pioneer in the steel making industry. He attempted to integrate every portion of the steel making process. Known most famously for his use of "vertical integration" |
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John D Rockefeller |
Founder of the Standard Oil Company which dominated the American economy. He established this large company through his use of horizontal integration and was allowed to become very wealthy because of it. |
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J.P morgan |
Banker who refinanced the organization of railroads. He ended up buying out Andrew Carnegie in 1901 and started the United States Steel Corporation. |
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Knights of Labor |
The first national labor union which was led by Terrence V. Powdery. The labor union welcomed all poeple that were willing to produce. However the long list of labor demands made them unorganized and ineffective. |
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American Federation of Labor |
The largest labor union which was led by Samuel Gompers. Unlike the Knights of Labor, the AFL only had small independent unions of skilled workers because unskilled workers were to easily replaced. They mainly focused on resolving bread and butter issues. |
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Industrial Workers of the World |
Radical labor union led by Eugene V. Debs. They formed as a response to the AFL and welcomed both skilled and unskilled workers into their union. |
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Great Railroad Strike of 1887 |
Was caused due to the 2nd wage cut on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. It resulted in president Hayes having to send federal troops to stop the strike. |
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Haymarket riot |
On May 4th 1886 people protested in Chicago's Haymarket over the slaying of two workers during a strike. This eventually turned into a violent riot |
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Homestead Strike |
One of the most violent strikes in Us history. Workers protested against the Homestead Steel Works company, owned by Andrew Carnegie, over wage cuts. This was eventually put down by the state militia. |
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Pullman Strike |
Nonviolent strike against the Pullman Palace Cat company in 1894 over too low wages. It led to the shut down of some eastern railroads and had to be forced to end by the president. |
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Closed shops |
Term referring to the practice of only allowing unionized workers to work for a company. The AFL was known for its use of closed shops. |
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Gibson Girls |
An ideal image of women that began during the Industrial age. Women were now encourage to be more active by participating in activities such as bicycling and golfing. Created by Charles Dana Gibson. |
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Mail order catalogues and department stores |
Mail order catalogues are a system in which a person could get a catalogue and then order items from it and they would be deliveredater. This allowed people who loved in rural areas at from the cities to be able to obtain items. This so alllowed companies to provide to larger range of people. |
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Progressive Era |
Era in which people believed that the governor should be more involved in solving problems. The progressive movement was mainly a response to the industrialization and modernization going on at the time. time. |
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Nation Grange ofn the patrons of husbandry |
A group of people which sought regulations of railroads, bank reforms but were unsuccessful in doing so. however they were for the first time able to unite farmers through means of socialization, religion, and cooperation. |
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Farmers alliance |
An alliance formed in 1877 based on the cooperation of farmers. They supported regulations of railroads, graduated Income tax but were rather politically ineffective. However this group did help to go on and form the Populists party. |
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Populist/people's party + Omaha platform |
Party which grew out of the farmers alliance and the KOL. They were mainly a combination of farmers factory workers and women. Their main goal was to fight the moneyed classes and benefit the working class. |
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Gold vs Silver standard |
This was a disagreement between which would be used as the basis for our money. Republicans argued for the gold standard because it allowed for fair repayment of debts and benefited big businesses. Populists argued for the silver standards because it allowed for easier repayment of debts and would benefit the working class. |
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William Jennings bryan and the crossn of gold speech. |
William Jennings Bryan was the Democratic candidate of 1896. Although he did not win, he was still highly influential in the realm of politics. In his cross of gold speech, he argued against the gold standard and advocated for the use of the silver standard. |
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Interstate commerce commission |
Thus commission compelled railroads to publish their standard rates and ban rebates. Although this wasn't complete effective, it did allow the government to.monitor big businesses. |
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16th amemdmemt |
The 16th amendment implemented a graduated Income tax for all people. This meant that the amount of tax someone paid would be determined based on their income. So those who were very wealthy paid a large amount of taxes while those who were poor did not. |
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Initiative referendum and recall |
An initiative is where the people of a state can write legislatures that may eventually appear on the ballot and people can vote on them. Referendums are state propositions that the citizens can vote on and decide if said proposition should be passed or not. A recall is when the people of a state dislike an elected official so they recall them and vote for a new person. |
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17th amendment |
Amendment passed which allowed for the direct election of senators. This was important because it gave people of a say in the government and allowed them to choose what would happen. |
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National American Woman Suffrage Association |
A woman's right organization formed in 1890. Their main focus was to push for a constitutional amendment for women's voting rights. |
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Alice Paul and the National Women's Party |
Alice paul was a major advocate and one of the main leaders for women's rights. She endured horrible and cruel treatment in jail fighting for women's rights and when word came out, public outcry exploded, helping lead to the passing of the 19th amendment. |
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Nineteenth Amendment |
Amendment passed in 1920 which granted universal suffrage of women. Was a major breakthrough in history as it was the first time women were given the right to vote. |
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Sherman/Clayton Antitrust Act |
Act put in place in 1890. This act outlawed practices like monopolies and trusts. The Clayton act prohibited conduct, three level enforcement, and exemptions. |
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Children's bureau |
A department of labor focused on the protection of women and children. They advocated for better work environments that were more safe for women and young children to operate in. |
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Triangle Shirtwaist factory Fire |
Factory fire that happened in new York causing the death of over 100 women. This fire led to new safety regulations enforced onto buildings to ensure that things like that would never happen again. |
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Upton Sinclair and the Jungle |
Novel written in 1906 which highlighted the horrible working conditions of the meat packing industries. This led to new regulations of meat products and foods in general, and civil unrest at the disgusting conditions of the food that they were eating. |
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Muckrakers |
Investigative journalist who's jobs are to point out the problems that were going on at the time. They were vital because they helped expose the political corruption going on during the Gilded Age. |
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Ida B wells |
Writer of "Southern Thorns: lynching in America". This book helped call international attention to the unfair treatments of blacks in America, causing outrest and protests. |
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W.E.B Du Bois |
African American rights activist who opposed the ideas of Booker T Washington. He believed that African Americans deserved automatic equal rights to whites and that no mercy should be shown to them. |
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Booker T Washington |
African American rights activist who believed that the journey towards equal rights would be a long one. He came up with the Atlanta compromise which stated that blacks ought to be patient as their rights would not suddenly appear overnight and that whites would have to start being more accepting of blacks. |
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Gosepl of Wealth |
Book written by Carnegie. He talks about the administering of wealthy by those who are rich and preaches the importance of donating to charity. He believed that the wealthy should put their money back into society so that those who are less fortunate can also see some success. |
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Social gospel |
A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. |
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Jane Adams and Hull House |
Social reformer who built the first private social welfare in America. The main purpose of this was to help assist the poor and help house immigrants in need of help. |
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Women's christian temperance movement |
Group of women who saw the use of alcohol as a sign of larger social problems. They wanted to make a more "sober and pure world" |
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Anti-Saloon League |
Group that fought for the complete prohibition of alcohol in the US. This movement did eventually work and led to the prohibition of alcohol by the 18th amendment but was later overturned by the 21st amendment. |
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18th amendment |
The 18th amendment called for a complete ban on alcohol and was passed in 1919. However this amendment was eventually counteracted by the 21st amendment which legalized alcohol again. |
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John Muir and the Sierra Club |
Group made by John Muir advocating for the conservation of areas of the United States. |
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Dollar diplomacy |
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Progressive Party/Bull moose party |
Party created by Teddy Roosevelt in response to the actions of Howard Taft. The progressive Party sought regulations of industry, labor protection, conservation, social welfare and expansion of democracy. |
