Apush Chapter 36-37: Truman And Eisenhower Eras

Front 1

What did Americans fear the end of World War II would brin

Back 1

depression

Front 2

How were these fears confirmed?

Back 2

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Front 3

What steps did the Truman administration take to forestall an economic downturn?

Back 3

1. Readjustment Act (GI Bill)
-free tuition for education
-low interest loans (house, farm, business)
2. President's Council of Economic Advisors
-advise president
3. six billion dollar tax cut
-pumps money into economy (taxes were raised during war)
4. Employment Act
-gov. promises to promote maximum employment, maximum production, and maximum purchasing power
*begin to see tension between women and black americans who are expected to give their jobs up for the men coming back from war

Front 4

Why was there an epidemic of strikes in the United States after World War II ended?

Back 4

-wages had remained constant but prices went up
-lack of purchasing power caused workers to leave jobs and go on strike
-United Mine Workers, United Oil Workers
-meat prices sky rocket : begin to offer horse meat

Front 5

How did conservative congressman respond to the growing muscle of organized labor in the United States?

Back 5

republicans pass Taft-Hartley Act

Front 6

Taft-Hartley Act

Back 6

-attempt by Congress to limit the power of labor unions.
-since Wagner act, nothing but good things had happened for labor unions
-conservatives don't like that labor unions have so much power
-outlawed closed shop
-allowed states to pass right-to-work laws
--union shop: they will hire you but you have to join a union or pay union dues
-required workers to give 80 day notice before strike
-made unions liable for damage done to property during strikes
-union leaders had to take a non-communist oath (to scare the public)

Front 7

How did Pres. Truman respond to the passage of the Taft-Hartley act of 1947?

Back 7

-Truman vetoed act but Congress overrode (democratic Pres; republican Congress)

Front 8

What did the AFL and CIO do in 1955

Back 8

converged b/c of decrease in labor union membership
AFL: federation of craft unions
CIO: industrial unions

Front 9

Beginning in 1950 the American economy experienced a boom that lasted two decades. What fueled the long economic boom?

Back 9

Affluent Society "Age of Affluence"
1. the war left a lot of land in Europe destroyed (along with homes, businesses, etc.)
-we walk away basically untouched
-we become the leading economic force in the world : we are the producers
2. b/c of the Cold War, we maintained a large military budget and continued to produce military supplies
-became a "permanent war economy"
-due to policy of containment
3. emergence of high tech industries like aerospace, plastics, electronics, computers, televisions, air conditioners
4. cheap energy: US and Britain controlled oil flow from middle east = low prices for gas
5. increase in productivity; much more efficient, more people going to school for specialized skills (90% of children enrolled in school)
-farmers made up 20% of population but could feed the world

Front 10

Who benefited most from the post-World War II prosperity and why?

Back 10

women
-manufacturing sector declined
-servicing sector flourishes: restraints, hotels, franchises, etc.
-women struggled with conflicts of being a dream housewife or having their dream career: they felt compelled to go back to the home to take care of the children after the men came home (didn't necessarily not want to work)
Cult of Domesticity

Front 11

What sparked the feminist revolt of the 1960s?

Back 11

civil rights movements
-clash between the demands of suburban housewifery (my book actually used this word) and the realities of employment

Front 12

Betty Friedan

Back 12

-launched modern feminist movement when she wrote:
Feminine Mystique
-divorced
National Organization of Women : 1966
-pro-choice organization

Front 13

What population shifts occurred in the United States during and immediately following World War II?

Back 13

about 30 million americans moved to the "Sun Belt"
-consisted of 15 states in the southeast and southwest
-pleasant climate
-came to look for jobs
-fed. gov. poorer money into south and job hunters followed money trail
-south was known for lower taxes and mild windows
-1950: California counted for 1/5 of population
-1964-2004: every president came from sun belt (except JFK)
Snow Birds : lived in north but came south during winter

Front 14

Dr. Benjamin Spock

Back 14

The Commonsense Book of Baby and Child Care
-pediatrician
-book on how to raise children
-families are moving away from extended families
-don't have grandparents to guide them
-sells 50 million copies
-used to be "spare the rod, spoil the child"
-baby boomers believe you need to be more affectionate toward children

Front 15

What impact did the shift in population and wealth have on US politics?

Back 15

north east no longer controlled politics
-more presidents elected from Sun Belt

Front 16

What factors led to the growth of the suburbs after World War II?

Back 16

1. housing shortage
-we used to live in cities b/c of jobs
-affordable housing built in suburbs instead of expensive cities
2. b/c we are pushing out to suburbs, gov build highways
-1957: Federal Highway Act (Eisenhower) : created 41,000 miles of interstate highways (mainly for defense)
3. cheap gas and affordable automobiles
4. government policies encouraged home ownership
Federal Housing Authority : low interest loans to veterans
-gov. allows to deduct mortgage interest can be deducted from income = lower income tax
5. availability of schools in suburbs
6. better environment

Front 17

William Levitt

Back 17

-became a billionaire b/c he saw an opportunity to mass produce sheep houses
-produced the 1st cookie cutter suburb
-thousands of homes- each a few thousand dollars
"Father of American Suburbia"

Front 18

"Levittown"

Back 18

nickname for new subdivisions that William Levitt built

Front 19

What impact did the "white flight" to the leafy green suburbs have on the racial make-up of the cities?

Back 19

-white people moved to suburbs
-minorities stay in the run down residential areas of cities (cities called "black, brown, and broke")
-- banks would not provide loans for housing to minorities

Front 20

How did government policies aggravate the spreading pattern of residential segregation?

Back 20

government agencies like the Federal Housing Administration were reluctant to give loans to Black Americans

Front 21

Explain what is meant by the term "baby boom." When did the booming birth rate crest?

Back 21

-huge jump in birth rate after WWII (1945-1957)
-9 million men came home
-50 million babies born (1 baby every second)
-crested in 1957

Front 22

What future problems will the baby boom generation create?

Back 22

1. social security
2. health care
3. nursing homes
28% of population today are baby boomers

Front 23

Who presided over the post-war period as the "accidental president" of the United States? Describe him. What sign did he place on his desk in the Oval Office?

Back 23

Harry Truman
-average; 5'8"; served in WWI
-gutsy little man
-product of political machine in Kansas
-"if you can't stand the heat, get out of the kitchen"
-"the buck stops her" (plague)
-"give 'em hell Harry"
-supported civil rights movements

Front 24

List some of the reasons for the mistrust that existed between the US and the USSR at the end of WWII

Back 24

US : Bolshevik Revolution; Com Intern; NonAggression Pact; Treaty of Brest-Litvosk; USSR didn't allow free elections in Poland' Soviet occupation of eastern europe
USSR: US aided White Russians; weren't invited to Versaille; US didn't recognize until late 30s; delayed 2nd front in WWII; US kept atomic bomb a secret

Front 25

What lay at the heart of US-Soviet contention at the end of WWII?

Back 25

-the US was not after territory but to liberate people
-however, after the world was over, Russia occupied a lot of territories and refused to give them up
-they established puppet governments in their neighboring countries : soviet satellites, spheres of influence

Front 26

How did the US behavior and foreign policy following WWII differ from US behavior following WWI?

Back 26

After WWI: isolationism
After WWII: nationalism
-recognized as world leader
-we were instrumental in creating the UN, World Bank
-we were very involved in what was going on in europe after WWII
-motivated by rise in communism

Front 27

How was Germany treated after WWII?

Back 27

Germany was divided into 4 zones of occupation

Front 28

George Kennan

Back 28

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Front 29

Truman Doctrine

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Front 30

What criticisms were levied against the Truman Doctrine?

Back 30

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Front 31

How did the US respond to the threat of communism in Western Europe following WWII? What finally awakened Congress to the threat?

Back 31

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Front 32

What nation/state was created by the UN in 1948?

Back 32

Israel

Front 33

What fateful decision did Truman reach in the Spring of 1948 and what were the results of his decision?

Back 33

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Front 34

What impact did the Cold War have on the armed forces of the US?

Back 34

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Front 35

What alliance did the US join in 1949, and how was this a dramatic departure from American diplomatic convention?

Back 35

NATO
-collective security alliance
-goes against Washington's farewell address

Front 36

What was the threefold purpose of this new alliance?

Back 36

1. keep Soviets out of America
2. Keep Germany down

Front 37

What happened to Japan after WWII?

Back 37

US occupied Japan
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Front 38

If Japan was success story for American policy-makers, the opposite was true for China. What happened to China after WWII and how did the US react?

Back 38

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Front 39

What were the six satellite countries and why were they called that?

Back 39

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Front 40

What were the two communist nations not considered satellite nations?

Back 40

Yugoslavia and Albania

Front 41

Name the neutral nations during WWII

Back 41

Austria, Finland, Ireland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland

Front 42

What was the Marshall Plan and why was in considered important to Europe.

Back 42

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Front 43

What did the Soviet Union do in 1949 that shocked the world?

Back 43

exploded their own atomic bomb

Front 44

How did the US respond?

Back 44

we no longer had a monopoly on bomb
-we make a bigger and better bomb : hydrogen bonb (1000 times more deadly)

Front 45

What became a dangerous and delusive dream?

Back 45

nuclear superiority

Front 46

As the Cold War worsened, a growing number of Americans came to believe that the country's foreign difficulties were rooted in treason and subversion at home. What caused the concern over American security following WWII?

Back 46

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Front 47

How did the Truman administration respond to the concern?

Back 47

-states react by requiring employees to take loyalty oaths
-sedition acts
-Loyalty Review Board: investigates federal employees suspected of communism

Front 48

What committee was established way back in 1938?

Back 48

House of Un-American Activites Committee (HUAC)
-Richard Nixon was the leading lawyer for committee

Front 49

Smith Act of 1940

Back 49

-1st peacetime acti-sedition act since 1978
-tried to control what people said and did
-criminal penalties for advocating overthrow of gov.

Front 50

What was the Alger Hiss case about?

Back 50

-ex-newdealer, friend of Roosevelt, help negotiations at Yalta
-was a part of the Agriculture Adjustment Administration (AAA)
-accused by NY Times editor Whittaker Chambers (soviet spy)
-Nixon tore him up in trial
-no evidence was found against him and he could only be convicted of purgers b/c he lied about knowing Whittaker

Front 51

Was America really riddled with Soviet spies?

Back 51

some infiltration
-this Red Scare was more real than the first one
-30,000 communist party members

Front 52

Klaus Fuchs

Back 52

arrested for selling secrets to Soviets
-worked on Manhatten Project
-admitted to giving secrets to "friendly" nation
-mentions David Greenglass and the Rosenbergs

Front 53

Loyalty Review Board

Back 53

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Front 54

Dennis v. US

Back 54

Eugene Dennis
-arrested under Smith Act for advocating marxism
-appealed to Supreme Court but conviction was upheld
-Dennis v. US

Front 55

Who led the crusade against communism in the US following WWII?

Back 55

Joseph McCarthy "low blow Joe"
-alleges that there are over 200 communists in the state department (later dwindles to 81 then 57 and so on)
-senate appoints a community to investigate charges
-no proof whatsoever

Front 56

McCarren International Security Act

Back 56

required that all communists in the US register

Front 57

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

Back 57

Jewish American citizens
-a part of communist party
-accused of leaking info to Soviets
-convicted of espionage in 1951
-scent to Sing Sing to await execution
-Ethel's brother, David Greenglass actually lied about her involvement to save his wife; Ethel was not involved in the plan at all, but, since no one but her refuted the accusations (not even her husband) she was sentenced to death for treason

Front 58

Describe the presidential election of 1948.

Back 58

Tuman(demo) v. Dewey(repub) v. Thurmond(dixie-crats)
-critisized Truman for being soft on communism
-looking bad for Tuman b/c the vote is so split up
-went on a tour to win over America
-no body expected him to pull through

Front 59

Strom Thurmond

Back 59

-racist Dixie-crat
-states rights advocate
-south carolina
-had an affair with a black women that led to a child that he fully supported

Front 60

What was Pres. Truman's domestic program known as? Explain.

Back 60

the Fair Deal
-extension of New Deal

Front 61

What was Pres. Truman's position on civil rights? Explain.

Back 61

-supported civil rights openly
-created the President's Committee on Civil Rights
-produced the report To Secure These Rights
-called for an end to discrimination
-end to poll tax

Front 62

What bold new foreign policy program did President Truman launch in 1950?

Back 62

Point Four program
-loan money and technology to under developed countries
-help others help themselves
-spend millions preventing communism to save billions fighting communism

Front 63

Explain the events leading to the Korean War

Back 63

N. Korea established a communist gov. - supported by Russia
-S. Korea wants a democratic gov. - supported by US
-1949 - NK surprise attacked SK

Front 64

How did the Truman administration respond to the outbreak of war?

Back 64

-US sent forces to SK (MacArthur in charge)
-90% of SK forces were American

Front 65

How did the United Nations Security Council respond to the war?

Back 65

-UN condemned NK and vows support for SK
-UN was able to pass this b/c Russia was boycotting the UN b/c of UN recognition of Taiwan as real China

Front 66

Who was the UN commander in charge of the operation? What happened to him and why? How did the war play out?

Back 66

.Douglas MacArthur
-fired b/c he began to bad mouth Truman
-Mac Arthur wanted to use the big bomb to eliminate the communists but Truman refused
-war ended in a stalemate
-lingers for 2 yrs until armistice
-38th parallel declared as demilitarized zone

Front 67

How did the nature of the work force change during this time of prosperity?

Back 67

-the number of white color jobs outnumbered the blue colored jobs

Front 68

How did the change in the work force affect union membership?

Back 68

membership dropped significantly
-peaked in 1954 and then began a steady decline
-1955: AFL and CIO merged
-before 35% belonged to union; today only 11.9% belong to union

Front 69

How did the changes in the work force affect women?

Back 69

-all kinds of jobs became available for women but women felt as if it was their civic duty to stay at home with the children
Cult of Domesticity

Front 70

What gave rise to the blossoming of a consumer culture during this era?

Back 70

-huge expansion of middle class
-ppl have money for demand in consumer services (fancy cars, televisions, etc.)
-easy credit: plastic credit card (Diner's Club [later known as Visa])

Front 71

What impact did television have on the new consumer culture?

Back 71

created demand for jobs
-promotes fads (ex. hula-hoop)
-family programs are popular (Father Know Best, I Love Lucy, Leave it to Beaver, etc.)

Front 72

How did religion capitalize on television?

Back 72

tele-evangelists
-Bill Graham, Oral Roberts

Front 73

In what way was popular music transformed in the 1950s and who was the chief revolutionary? What was the reaction among traditionalists?

Back 73

Allan Freed coined "rock 'n' roll"
-Elvis Presley : king of rock 'n' roll : shocked americans with sexual gyrations : only appeared on TV from the waist up
-this music appealed to baby boomers

Front 74

How did critics react to the new consumer lifestyle?

Back 74

1. John Kenneth Galbrait
-Harvard economist professor
-The Affluent Society : critisized Americans for having TV in living room but garbage in streets
-believed that public spending should match private spending
-spend taxes on education and cleaning up the streets
2. David Riesman
-harvard sociologist
-portrays post war ppl as a pack of conformists

Front 75

Briefly describe the presidential election of 1952.

Back 75

Adele Stevenson v. Dwight Eisenhower
--democratics in trouble b/c of Truman's low approval rate
-"I like Ike"
VP: Nixon : does all the dirty work

Front 76

When and how did the Korean War officially end?

Back 76

July 1953
stalemate armistice

Front 77

One of the first problems that President Eisenhower face was the swelling popularity and swaggering power of an anticommunist crusader, a Wisconsin Republican named ...

Back 77

Joseph McCarthy

Front 78

How did he get into the limelight during the 1950s?

Back 78

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Front 79

What was he nicknamed?

Back 79

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Front 80

What eventually led to McCarthy's demise?

Back 80

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Front 81

What was the long range impact of McCarthyism?

Back 81

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Front 82

What impact did WWII have on Black Americans?

Back 82

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Front 83

When the President and Congress failed to take the leadership in the civil rights struggle during the 1950s, who assumed leadership in the civil rights struggle?

Back 83

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Front 84

Who was the Chief Justice of Supreme Court at this time and what did he do that shocked traditionalists?

Back 84

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Front 85

How did the deep South respond to the decision of the court in Brown v. Board of Topeka, Kansas

Back 85

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Front 86

How did Pres. Eisenhower respond to the Brown decision? Why was he forced to act in 1957?

Back 86

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Front 87

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Back 87

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Front 88

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Back 88

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Front 89

Student Non-violent Co-ordinating Committee (SNCC)

Back 89

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Front 90

CORE

Back 90

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Front 91

Explain Pres. Eisenhower's philosophy of dynamic conservatism.

Back 91

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Front 92

Who discovered the anti-polio vaccine in 1953?

Back 92

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Front 93

Eisenhower's Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare condemned the free distribution of an anti-polio vaccine as "socialized medicine." Was this condemnation a conservative or liberal POV? What is your opinion on socialized medicine?

Back 93

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Front 94

What action did the Eisenhower administration take with regards to illegal Mexican immigrants?

Back 94

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Front 95

What public works project did the Eisenhower administration launch in 1957?

Back 95

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Front 96

Who was Pres. Eisenhower's Sec. of State and explain his program known as massive retaliation?

Back 96

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Front 97

When did the "old buzzard" Joseph Stalin did and who replaced him?

Back 97

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Front 98

Describe the events leading to US involvement in Vietnam

Back 98

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Front 99

What was the Soviet response when a rearmed West Germany joined NATO in 1955?

Back 99

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Front 100

What events in the Middle East heightened Cold War tensions during the 1950's?

Back 100

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Front 101

Civil Rights Act 1964

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Front 102

Voting Rights Act 1965

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Front 103

24th Amendment

Back 103

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Front 104

Civil Rights Act of 1968

Back 104

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Front 105

What was the Eisenhower Doctrine? The real threat to US interests in the Middle East was not communism. What was the real "threat"?

Back 105

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Front 106

Briefly describe the presidential election of 1956

Back 106

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Front 107

What were the highlights of Pres. Eisenhower's second term in office?

Back 107

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Front 108

Labor legislation

Back 108

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Front 109

Guatemala 1954

Back 109

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Front 110

Cuba 1959

Back 110

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Front 111

the 1960 presidential election

Back 111

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Front 112

Eisenhower's Farewell Address

Back 112

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Front 113

What was France's strategy?

Back 113

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Front 114

What went wrong for the French?

Back 114

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Front 115

By 1954, what percent of France's was cost was the US paying?

Back 115

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Front 116

What type of warfare did Ho's forces practice against the French?

Back 116

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Front 117

In April of 1954, with the French army trapped and losing at Dien Bien Phu, France decided to negotiate. Where was the conference held, what was it called, and who attended the conference?

Back 117

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Front 118

What were the decisions reached at the conference called and what did they stipulate?

Back 118

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Front 119

How did Eisenhower's Sec. of State respond?

Back 119

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Front 120

What did the US do after the conference?

Back 120

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