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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe Freud's tripartite system. |
According to Freud, we all have three characters in our mind at the same time. If they are unbalanced this can cause us a lot of anxiety and may eventually lead to mental abnormality. |
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Describe the Id. |
- Instant gratification - Based on the pleasure principle - Selfish/no regard for consequences |
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When does the id begin to exist? |
Present at birth (a newborn baby is completely selfish and is born with the id) |
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Describe the ego. |
- Based on reality principle - Acts as a mediator - Uses defence mechanisms |
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When does the ego begin to exist? |
Develops around the age of 3 (child becomes aware of other people's feeling and that it can't have its own way). |
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Describe the superego. |
- Based on morality principle - Worries about outcome of certain actions |
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When does the superego begin to exist? |
Develops around the age of 5 (sense of morality - conscience passed on by parents which child learns and internalises). |
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What happens when the id becomes too strong? |
- Selfish - Out of control - Could become psychotic |
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What happens when the ego becomes too weak? |
- Allows id and superego to dominate - Creates anxiety as they get out of control |
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What happens when the superego becomes too strong? |
- Strict - Anxious - Obsessive - Can lead to depression, anxiety, OCD or neuroticism |
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What happens when the id becomes too weak? |
Superego might take over |
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What happens when the superego becomes too weak? |
Id might take over |
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Define defence mechanisms. |
The constant disagreement between the id, the ego and the superego can lead to a lot of anxiety. So the mind develops various methods of defending itself. We use defence mechanisms daily and they are unconscious processes, if we overuse them this can lead to mental abnormalities. |
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Give examples of defence mechanisms. |
Denial - refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality Repression - forcing a distressing memory out of your conscious mind into the unconscious. Displacement - the transfer of negative emotion from the person or thing that is the true source of that emotion, onto an unrelated other person or thing |
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Define the conscious mind. |
The part of the mind we are aware of - everyday thoughts and feelings. The ego and the superego are accessible consciously. |
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Define the preconscious mind. |
Thoughts and memories not accessible at all times but easily recalled, just below the surface of the conscious mind. |
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Define the unconscious mind. |
The deep dark shameful part, repressed thoughts, memories and feeling live here with the id. |
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Define freudian slips. |
A freudian slip is when you say one thing but mean another. |
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Give an example of a freudian slip. |
'Nice to eat you' instead of 'nice to meet you' |
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Describe the psychosexual stages. |
Freud believed that children are born with a libido - a sexual pleasure stage. There are a number of stages of childhood, during which the child seeks pleasure form a different 'object'. |
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Referring to the psychosexual stages, how can children become psychologically healthy. |
The child must successfully complete each stage, making it pas the potential conflicts or obstacles in each stage. Mental abnormalities can occur if a stage is not completed successfully - the person becomes 'fixated' on that stage. |
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Describe the oral stage. |
- Birth to 18 months (approx) - The mouth is the main focus of pleasure during this stage - The child enjoys sucking and tasting - Successful completion of this stage is demonstrated by weaning - eating independently. |
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What happens if fixation occurs during the oral stage? |
Oral receptive (not allowed to suck freely) - passive, needy, sensitive to rejection, overeats and drinks, may bite nails/smoke. Oral aggressive (allowed to suck too often/too long) - hostile, verbally abusive, sarcastic |
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Describe the anal stage. |
- 18 months to 3 years - Defecation is the main source of pleasure - Successful completion is marked by potty training |
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What happens if fixation occurs during the anal stage? |
Anally retentive - very tidy, stubborn, like order and being in control Anally expulsive - generous but disorganised, doesn't like to follow rules |
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Describe the phallic stage (oedipus complex). |
- Around ages 3-5 - Boy unconsciously wants his mother as his primary love object - Wants father out of the way/jealousy - Fears that his father knows this and will castrate him as punishment - Identifies with/gains gender identity from father to stop castration anxiety |
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Describe the phallic stage (electra complex). |
- Girl also desires her mother - But realises that she doesn't have a penis like her father - Becomes hostile towards her mother because she believes that her mother has already castrated her - Develops unconscious attraction to father instead but this is later replaced by the desire to have a baby - Eventually resolves feelings towards mother and forms her gender identity from her - doesn't want to lose her mother's love |
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Describe the latency stage. |
- Age 6 to puberty (approx) - Sexual urges sublimated into sports and other hobbies - Focus on developing same-sex friendships - No particular requirements for successful completion |
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Describe the genital stage. |
- Puberty into adulthood - Focus on genitals but not to same extent as phallic stage - Task is to develop healthy adult relationships - This should happen if earlier stages have been negotiated successfully |
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What are the names of the psychosexual stages? |
Old - oral Age - anal Pensioners - phallic Love - latency Guinness - genital |
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Evaluate the psychodynamic approach. |
+ Influential - connection between experiences in childhood and later development - Retrospective use of case studies - Unscientific (how can it be tested?) - refer to popper - Based on psychic determinism - no free will |
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Evaluate Freud's case study of little Hans. |
In 2004, the freud archives released information that Freud gave Hans a rocking horse for his 3rd birthday. In light of Han's phobia, it can be questioned why this gift wan't mentioned in the case study. |
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Describe Freud's case study of Little Hans. |
- Analysis of a phobia of horse in a 5 year old boy (Hans) - Family lived opposite a coaching inn so Hans was afraid to leave the house - Scared of the noise they made with their feet - Symptomatic of his Oedipus complex - Horses represented his dad/allowed him to stay at home with his mother - Freud considered that this represented a disguised form of castration threat anxiety |
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How does the psychodynamic approach describe behaviour? |
The psychodynamic approach regards all abnormal behaviour as having a psychological cause, rather than an underlying biological determinant. |
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When are the the three components of the psyche developed? |
During the childhood stages of development; mostly the oral, anal and phallic stages. |
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How does the humanistic approach describe behaviour? |
Humanistic psychologists believe that behaviours should be studied through the eyes of the person doing the behaviour not through scientific methods. |
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Describe the humanistic approach. |
- Rejects the view that behaviours are solely determined by internal or external influences. - Instead it sees humans as active agents who have the ability to determine their own behaviour. - Often referred to as the person-centred approach |
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What was Maslow interested in? |
- Understanding what motivates people and how they can fulfil their potential - Proposed the concept of self-actualisation |
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Define self-actualisation. |
Desire for a person to grow psychologically and to fulfil one's full potential. Achieving everything that you are capable of. |
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Describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs. |
Before a person can achieve self-actualisation, a number of other needs also need to be met - hierarchy of needs. Claimed that only when each basic need had been met could the individual progress onto the next stage of the hierarchy. The longer each of the needs were left unachieved, the stronger the desire would be to achieve them. |
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What are the 5 basic needs Maslow identified? |
5. Self-actualisation 4. Self-esteem - confidence, achievement, respect for others, need to be a unique individual 3. Love and belonging - friendship, intimacy, sense of connection 2. Safety & security - health, employment, property, family, social stability 1. Physiological needs - breathing, water, food, sleep, shelter, clothing |
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Define the self. |
Ideas and values that characterise the 'I' and 'me' and includes perception and valuing of 'what I am' and 'what can I do' |
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What was Rogers interested in? |
- For personal growth to be achieved the concept of the self must have congruence with the ideal self - Meaning that in order to self-actualisation to be achieved the difference between the self and the ideal self cannot be too large |
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What happens if the gap between the self and the ideal self gets too big? |
- If the gap is too large Rogers claimed that the person would experience negative feelings of self-worth and would enter a state of incongruence preventing self-actualisation from being achieved |
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Define congruence. |
The aim of Rogerian therapy; when the self concept and ideal self are seen to broadly accord or match |
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Define incongruence. |
When too big a gap exists between the 'two selves' so the state of congruence will not be possible due to the negative feelings of self worth that arise |
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Define unconditional positive regard. |
An acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does. |
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Describe rogerian therapy. |
- Client centred therapy - Type of therapy designed by Rogers to help reduce the gap between the self-concept and the ideal-self - Issues such as low self-esteem can be explained through experiencing a lack of unconditional positive regard from parents - The aim of the therapy was therefore to provide people with unconditional positive regard that they had not received as a child |
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Evaluate the humanistic approach. |
+ Holistic approach - Real life application - abstract concept - Untestable concepts - Unscientific - Cultural bias - collectivist cultures value the needs of the group, community and interdependence |
