Apologia Biology Module 12 Vocabulary

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Arthropoda

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This phylum contains crayfish, lobsters, spiders, scorpions, and insects. In fact, it contains more species than all of the other phyla in kingdom Animalia combined!

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exoskeleton

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A body covering, typically made of chitin, that provides support and protection

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chitin

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What the exoskeleton is generally made of. This chemical has the useful property of being both tough and flexible

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class Crustacea

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contains the largest arthropods, some of which can grow to 12 feet.

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molt

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To shed an old outer covering so that it can be replaced with a new one

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thorax

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The body region between the head and the abdomen

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abdomen

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The body region posterior to the thorax.

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cephalothorax

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A body region composed of the head and thorax fused together.

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antennae

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These sensory organs in the head region provide touch, taste, and smell sensations to the nervous system

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compound eyes

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An eye made of many lenses, each with a very limited scope. (fly)

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simple eyes

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An eye with only one lens.

(spider has eight of these)

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open circulatory system

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A circulatory system that allows the blood to flow out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so that the cells are in direct contact with the blood.

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Crustacea

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Most critters in this class live in either fresh water or marine environments, although some species are land dwellers.

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carapace

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The crayfish is one of those arthropods with a cephalothorax. The cephalothorax is covered in a single plate called _____________

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walking legs

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These appendages are used for locomotion when the crayfish is on land or moving on the bottom of the lake or river in which it lives.

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swimmerets

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These aid in swimming as well as reproduction. In male crayfish, the first and second swimmerets transfer sperm to the female during mating. In females, the swimmerets carry both the eggs and the developing offspring.

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uropods and telson

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These appendages form the flipper-shaped tail that the crayfish uses for swimming.

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chelipeds

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The (usually called “claws”) are used for defense as well as to grab onto prey.

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antennules

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These small antennae aid the creature in balance and provide taste and touch sensations.

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antennae

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These longer appendages are much more sensitive than the antennules, providing the crayfish with strong senses of taste and touch.

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gills

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Act as a transfer station, transferring dissolved oxygen from the water and into the blood while at the same time transferring carbon dioxide from the blood and into the water.

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gill chambers

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Small openings on the ventral side of these that allow water from the surroundings to flow inside to the gills. Blood traveling through the gills can then release carbon dioxide into the water and absorb oxygen.

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maxillae ( – singular is maxilla).

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Tiny appendages near the mouth involved in keeping water flowing through the gills and they also help the crayfish handle food.

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pericardial sinus

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Blood collects in this cavity, and it enters the heart through one of three openings in the heart's surface.

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sternal sinus

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Gravity causes the blood to fall into the ___________, where it is collected by blood vessels that are open at one end. Unlike the blood vessels that dump the blood into the body cavities, these vessels carry the blood back towards the pericardial sinus.

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green gland

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The blood also passes through a ________, which cleans it of impurities and dumps those impurities back into the surroundings.

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mandibles

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used to break the food into small chunks

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esophagus

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travel way for food in a crayfish.... but it is short

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stomach

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Two regions where food goes after the esophagus..... The first region, which is on the anterior side, grinds the food into fine particles. These fine particles are then sent to the other region, which is on the posterior side. This region sorts the particles.

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digestive glands

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If food particles from the stomach are small enough, they head here...... which secretes enzymes, completing the digestion process.

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intestine

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Larger food particles are sent here, where more digestive enzymes digest what they can, then what is left goes out the anus.

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ganglia

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A crayfish's brain is comprised of two of these, each of which has a nerve cord. They continually process the signals running down the nerve cord. This system is fed information from various appendages throughout the body.

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nerve cord

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These cords join together posterior to the stomach and run along the ventral side of the crayfish.

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statocyst

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The organ of balance in a crustacean.

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statolith

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A grain of sand located in each hair lined container in the statocyst.

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gonad

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A general term for the organ that produces gametes

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testis (plural is testes)

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In males the gonad is called ___________.

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ovary (plural is ovaries)

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In females the gonad is called the __________.

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Arachnida

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class that contains spiders

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sheet web

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A single, flat sheet of sticky silk. The spider hangs on the underside of it and, when an insect gets caught, it paralyzes the creature and pulls it through the web.

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tangle webs

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spun "mess" of webs that have no real discernible pattern

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orb web

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The most geometrically stunning web is the orb web. This web consists of concentric circles of sticky silk that are supported by “spokes” of nonsticky silk.

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trap door spider

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Type of spider that produces silk, but doesn't use a web. This spider digs a shallow hole in the ground and then weaves a “ door” out of silk. The door is attached to the ground at one end but is free to move everywhere else. The spider holds on to tiny “handles” that it weaves into the door and keeps it slightly ajar. When an insect or crustacean walks by, the spider jumps out of thedoor, startling and killing its prey. It then drags it back into the hole and closes the door, feasting on its catch.

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silk glands

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A spider produces that marvelous substance known as silk in this area....

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spinnerets

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Used to spin the silk.

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poison glands

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Connected to the spider's fangs, which produces a paralyzing poison into the prey. This immobilizes the creature, and the spider then secretes digestive enzymes into its body. The tissues that these enzymes partially digest are then sucked through the mouth and into the stomach.

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book lungs

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Air enters the exoskeleton through a slit in the abdomen. There, it encounters this organ that has several thin layers, almost like pages of paper. As the air mingles with these “pages,” oxygen is absorbed by the blood and carbon dioxide is released.

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spiracle

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Air enters the exoskeleton through this slit in the abdomen.

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Chilopoda

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This class is home to the arthropods normally called “centipedes.”

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Diplopoda

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This class contains those arthropods usually called “millipedes.”

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class Insecta

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the largest class in creation

There are over a million known species in this class, and the number grows each year as new species are found and classified.

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membranous wings

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Type of wings that are thin, transparent, and have a detailed network of veins that are visible.

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scaled wings

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Delicate scales cover the wings. As a result, they are not transparent. The scales are easy to rub off, as if they were made of powder.

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leather-like wings

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Wings that appear to be a part of the exoskeleton. They are typically laid over a second, membranous pair of wings so as to protect them. (grasshopper)

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horny wings

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Often hard to distinguish from leather-like wings. They also are used to cover and protect membranous wings. They are tougher than leather-like wings, however, and they typically cover almost the entire insect, rather than just the membranous wings as in the case of leather-like wings. (beetles)

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tracheas

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Elaborate system of interconnecting tubes connected to the outside of the insects body through a series of small holes. The network is so complex and thorough that air runs throughout the body, providing oxygen to all tissues!

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spiracles

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series of small holes in the exoskeleton where air enters to the trachea

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Malpighian tubules

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Resides in the vicinity of the intersection between the stomach and the intestine. When blood flows over the these tubules, it is cleaned of the waste products, and they are put into the intestine for elimination through the anus.

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mandible

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designed for chewing (like in a grasshopper)

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gastric ceca

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where food is mixed with digestive enzymes

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egg stage

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Females receive sperm from males during mating but, like the crayfish, store it in seminal receptacles for a time. This stage starts when the female lays her eggs, they are fertilized by the stored sperm.

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larva stage

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In this stage, the young insect, regardless of its species, tends to resemble a segmented worm. It eats and molts over and over again.

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pupa stage

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In this stage, the insect forms some sort of case around itself. The case might be formed of exoskeleton, or it might be woven from filaments. During this stage, everything changes. The organs are rearranged and reshaped, body structures are dismantled and reformed, and an amazing transformation occurs

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adult stage

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When an insect breaks out of its case (pupa stage) it enters this next stage of life. In it, the insect has all of the features and organs that are normally associated with its species.

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metamorphosis

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Transformation process consisting of the larval stage, pupa stage, and ending with the adult stage. The vast majority of insects go through this transformation process.

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complete metamorphosis

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Insect development consisting of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult

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incomplete metamorphosis

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Insect development consisting of three stages: egg, nymph, and adult

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nymph stage

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When an insect develops through incomplete metamorphosis, it hatches from its egg stage into this stage............

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Lepidoptera

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Order that contains butterflies and moths, which (in their adult stage) have scaled wings. This is the major characteristic that sets them apart from most other orders in class Insecta.

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Hymenoptera

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Members of this order have membranous wings. In fact, “hymen” means “membrane” and “ptera” means “wings” in Greek. Members of this order usually have stingers, too.
Considered "social insects"

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social insects

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Insects exist within a society in which they have very particular functions. The best example of this is bees.

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“queen substance.”

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While the queen bee is alive, she produces a chemical that biologists call “queen substance.” This substance is transferred to all workers, and it attracts workers to her.

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Coleoptera

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The largest order within class Insecta. The name of this order literally means “sheath wing” in Greek. All members of this order have horny wings. These wings are thick, sometimes colorful, and they typically cover the creature's entire body, protecting the membranous wings underneath. The horny wings make beetles look like little war machines, and that look is often enhanced by horns on their head or extended mandibles that can viciously cut through their enemies.

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Diptera

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The most annoying creatures occupy this particular order. All organisms in this order have a pair of membranous wings that they use to fly. Their second pair of wings is much smaller and is used as stabilizers during flight. Some research indicates that they might be used to determine the insect's air speed as well. Members of this order have no other defense mechanism except the ability to get away quickly. Their exoskeleton is rather weak; they have no stingers; and their mouths are designed to either pierce or suck, not to bite.

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Orthoptera

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Members of this order have one pair of leather-like wings that cover and protect their membranous wings. They typically have a pair of legs that are quite a bit larger than the other two pairs of legs, and they use them for jumping.

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stridulation

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Grasshoppers and crickets are well known for their chirping, which is technically called _____________. Each species has its own unique song, so this "chirping" serves to attract females to males for the purpose of mating.