Ap Us History Test Vocab

Front 1

Alamo

Back 1

mission and fort in Texas, battle there during the Texas Revolution, all defenders killed

Front 2

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Back 2

Mexican general, president of Mexico, commanded the Mexican army during the Texas Revolution and the Mexican War

Front 3

Compromise of 1850

Back 3

proposal by Henry Clay, supported by Stephen Douglas, admitted California as a free state, ended slave trade in Washington DC, etc

Front 4

Franklin Pierce

Back 4

northern Democratic president, wanted sectional harmony, signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Front 5

Free Soil Party

Back 5

party that opposed the spread of slavery into the territories, supported homesteads, cheap postage, internal improvements, eventually absorbed into the Republican Party

Front 6

Gadsden Purchase

Back 6

acquisition of land from Mexico for $10 million, necessary for possible transcontinental railroad

Front 7

James K. Polk

Back 7

Democratic president, 'Young Hickory,' aggressive foreign policy, Mexican War, settlement of Oregon issue, Mexican Cession

Front 8

John L. O'Sullivan

Back 8

editor of the Democratic Review, coined the phrase 'manifest destiny'

Front 9

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Back 9

bill proposed by Stephen Douglas, opened western territories, popular sovereignty for slavery in the territories, passed to support transcontinental railroad in Illinois

Front 10

Know-Nothing Party

Back 10

party in the 1840's, opposed immigrants, especially Catholics, supported temperance, waiting period for citizenship, literacy tests, also known as American Party

Front 11

Lewis Cass

Back 11

Democratic senator, proposed popular sovereignty in the territories, lost 1848 presidential election to Zachary Taylor

Front 12

Manifest Destiny

Back 12

idea that justified American expansion, American expansion was inevitable and right

Front 13

Mexican Cession

Back 13

region in present-day California and the American Southwest that Mexico gave the US after the Mexican War

Front 14

Nashville Convention

Back 14

meeting of southern representatives, laid groundwork for southern confederacy, called for extension of Missouri Compromise Law

Front 15

Ostend Manifesto

Back 15

statement by American envoys to pressure Spain into selling Cuba to the US, repudiated by US government

Front 16

Popular Sovereignty

Back 16

political process promoted by Lewis Cass, Stephen Douglas, and northern Democrats, proposed that a territory's residents would vote to decide on slavery

Front 17

Republican Party

Back 17

political party formed in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, combined Whigs, Free-Soilers, and Know-Nothings, sought to block slavery, favored tariffs, homesteads, and transcontinental railroad

Front 18

Sam Houston

Back 18

leader of Texas Revolutionaries, first president of the Republic of Texas, ally of Andrew Jackson

Front 19

'Slave Power'

Back 19

belief that slavery was a power that would spread to through the US if allowed

Front 20

Stephen Austin

Back 20

leader of American immigration to Texas in the 1820's, negotiated land grants with Mexico, Texas' secretary of state

Front 21

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Back 21

agreement that ended the Mexican War, Mexico gave up claims to Texas north of the Rio Grande, ceded California and more to US

Front 22

Wilmot Proviso

Back 22

Congressional measure from 1846, prohibited slavery in all of the Mexican Cession, blocked by southerners

Front 23

Winfield Scott

Back 23

American hero of the Mexican War, ran unsuccessfully for president

Front 24

Zachary Taylor

Back 24

military hero of the Mexican War, last Whig elected president

Front 25

Abby Kelley

Back 25

public speaker in the American Anti-Slavery Society

Front 26

American Anti-Slavery Society

Back 26

reformers in the mid 1800's, wanted to end slavery, opposed gradual emancipation and slaveholder compensation, accepted women as members

Front 27

American Colonization Society

Back 27

organization that supported sending freed slaves to Africa, established Liberia

Front 28

American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society

Back 28

founded and led by Tappan brothers opposed radical ideas of William Lloyd Garrison, especially attacks on the church and Constitution, supported more moderate approach

Front 29

American Society for the Promotion of Temperance

Back 29

first national temperance organization, preached total abstinence from alcohol

Front 30

Brook Farm

Back 30

utopian society founded by George Ripley, members shared equally, advocated by Nathaniel Hawthorne at first, but he eventually became disenchanted

Front 31

Burned-Over District

Back 31

area of NY state that was constantly aflame with reform, such as Mormons, Shakers, and Millerites

Front 32

Charles Finney

Back 32

leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, preached that every person had the capacity for rebirth and salvation

Front 33

Compensated Emancipation

Back 33

called for slaveowners to be paid for the loss of their slave property when emancipated

Front 34

Cult of Domesticity

Back 34

belief that as the fairer sex, women should be concerned with domestic issues, not men's work

Front 35

Declaration of Sentiments

Back 35

resolutions at the end of the Seneca Falls Convention, modeled after Declaration of Independence, called for economic and social equality for women, and suffrage

Front 36

Dorothea Dix

Back 36

reformer, pioneer of humane treatment of mentally ill

Front 37

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Back 37

pioneer in the women's movement, organized Seneca Falls Convention, fought for women's suffrage

Front 38

Frederick Douglass

Back 38

former slave, became abolitionist, started abolitionist newspaper the North Star

Front 39

Gradual Emancipation

Back 39

called for the phasing out of slavery over a long period of time

Front 40

Horace Mann

Back 40

reformer of public education, secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education, established minimum school term, formal teacher training, moved curriculum away from religion to secular subjects

Front 41

James Birney

Back 41

former slaveowner turned reformer, ran for president with the Liberty Party

Front 42

Lewis and Arthur Tappan

Back 42

founders of the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society

Front 43

Liberty Party

Back 43

political party formed in 1840, eventually merged with Free-Soilers

Front 44

Lucretia Mott

Back 44

Quaker activist, helped Elizabeth Cady Stanton organize the Seneca Falls Convention

Front 45

Maine Law

Back 45

first statewide attempt to restrict alcohol, prohibited manufacture and sale except for medical reasons

Front 46

Sarah and Angelina Grimke

Back 46

Quaker sisters, became reformers and abolitionists

Front 47

Second Great Awakening

Back 47

period of religious revival in the early 1800's, preached salvation through moral action

Front 48

Susan B. Anthony

Back 48

partner of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, cofounded the National Woman Suffrage Association

Front 49

Transcendentalists

Back 49

writers who believed in the search for reality and truth through spiritual intuition

Front 50

William Lloyd Garrison

Back 50

prominent abolitionist leader, published The Liberator, founded American Anti-Slavery Society

Front 51

Andrew Carnegie

Back 51

Scottish industrialist, developed the US steel industry, gave significant amounts to charitable causes

Front 52

Bloody Shirt

Back 52

Republican campaign tactic that blamed Democrats for the Civil War

Front 53

Coxey's Army

Back 53

unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey to Washington, demanded public works projects, Coxey was arrested for stepping on the grass at the Capitol

Front 54

Credit Mobilier

Back 54

scandal during Ulysses S. Grant's presidency, a French construction company, along with Congress, stole millions of dollars from the government while building the transcontinental railroad

Front 55

Dawes General Allotment Act

Back 55

abolished communal ownership on Indian reservations, reduced amount of land Indians owned

Front 56

Eugene V. Debs

Back 56

labor leader arrested during the Pullman Strike, ran for president, campaigned from prison

Front 57

'Free Silver'

Back 57

political movement to inflate currency by government issuance of silver, supported by farmers who wanted increased money supply

Front 58

'Grandfather Clause'

Back 58

laws in the southern states that exempted voters from taking literacy tests or paying poll taxes if their grandfathers had voted, gave white southerners suffrage and disenfranchised blacks

Front 59

Granger Movement

Back 59

farmers' organization, started for social and educational reasons, later organized politically to pass laws that regulated railroads

Front 60

Grover Cleveland

Back 60

only Democrat elected president from 1856 to 1912, second term marred by Depression of 1893

Front 61

Haymarket Riot

Back 61

violent incident at a workers' rally in Chicago, started by political radicals and labor leaders, hurt the reputation of the Knights of Labor

Front 62

Homestead Act

Back 62

encouraged westward settlement, allowed families to buy 160 acres of land cheaply, the land would become theirs after 5 years

Front 63

James B. Weaver

Back 63

former Civil War general, ran for president with Greenback party and Populist Party

Front 64

Jim Crow Laws

Back 64

laws passed in the South in the 1880's, segregated blacks and whites, ruled legal in Plessy vs. Ferguson

Front 65

John D. Rockefeller

Back 65

founder of Standard Oil, robber baron

Front 66

Knights of Labor

Back 66

labor union built by Terence V. Powderly, called for one big union, replacement of wage system, discourage strikes

Front 67

'New Immigration'

Back 67

wave of immigration in the 1880's, mostly from southern and eastern Europe, mostly poor, Jewish and Catholic, settled in large cities, prompted restrictions on immigration

Front 68

Pendleton Act

Back 68

reform passed in Congress, restricted spoils system, established US Civil Service Commission to administer a merit system for government jobs

Front 69

Plessy vs. Ferguson

Back 69

Supreme Court case, decided that Jim Crow laws were legal

Front 70

Populist Party

Back 70

largely a farmers' party, supported inflation, government action against railroads and trusts, graduated income tax, immigration restrictions, also known as People's Party

Front 71

Samuel Gompers

Back 71

labor leader, president of American Federation of Labor, believed in craft unionism, supported capitalism

Front 72

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Back 72

first federal action against monopolies, didn't do much at first, but was still a step in the right direction

Front 73

Social Darwinism

Back 73

supported by William Graham Sumner, applied the theory of evolution to the business world, used by capitalists to justify ruthlessness and poverty

Front 74

Stalwarts

Back 74

Republicans in the 1870's who supported U.S. Grant and Roscoe Conkling, accepted machine politics and the spoils system, opposed by Half-Breeds

Front 75

Transcontinental Railroad

Back 75

linked the nation from coast to coast, subsidized by federal government

Front 76

Tweed Ring

Back 76

scandal in NYC, led by William Tweed of Tammany Hall, headed a corrupt Democratic political machine, stole from the city

Front 77

William Jennings Bryan

Back 77

spokesman for agrarian values, ran for president but never elected, gave the Cross of Gold speech, supported by Democrats and Populists

Front 78

William McKinley

Back 78

Republican president, represented conservative easterners, supported expansion, high tariffs, and gold standard, led the nation during Spanish-American War, assassinated by political anarchist

Front 79

Abraham Lincoln

Back 79

Republican president during the Civil War, emancipated slaves, assassinated by John Wilkes Booth

Front 80

Andrew Johnson

Back 80

vice president who took over after Lincoln's assassination, impeached but not convicted

Front 81

Border States

Back 81

Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri, slave states that stayed in the Union, crucial to Lincoln's political and military strategy

Front 82

Carpetbaggers

Back 82

northerners who went to South to participate in Reconstruction governments, viewed by southerners as cheap, opportunistic, poor whites hoping to exploit the South

Front 83

Charles Sumner

Back 83

senator from Massachusetts, led Radical Republicans, fought for racial equality, authored the Civil Rights Act of 1875

Front 84

Compromise of 1877

Back 84

agreement that ended the disputed election of 1876 between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden, South accepted Hayes' election in return for removal of troops from South, support for railroads, and southerners in the Cabinet

Front 85

Copperheads

Back 85

northern Democrats who supported the southern cause, such as Clement L Vallandigham

Front 86

Cotton Diplomacy

Back 86

failed southern strategy to embargo cotton from England until Great Britain assisted the Confederacy, they never got aid

Front 87

Dred Scott Decision

Back 87

Supreme Court case, Chief Justice Roger Taney upheld southern position on slavery, ruled that blacks were not citizens, slavery could expand into all territories, Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

Front 88

Emancipation Proclamation

Back 88

issued by Abraham Lincoln, granted freedom to all slaves in rebellious states

Front 89

Fifteenth Amendment

Back 89

granted suffrage to black males

Front 90

Fourteenth Amendment

Back 90

granted citizenship to anyone born or naturalized in the US, protected citizens from abuse by state governments, overrode Dred Scott Decision

Front 91

Freedmen's Bureau

Back 91

government-sponsored agency, provided food, schools, and land to former slaves

Front 92

George McClellan

Back 92

Union general, reluctant to attack Lee, fired twice by Lincoln

Front 93

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Back 93

wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, book about the cruelty of slavery

Front 94

James Buchanan

Back 94

weak Republican president right before the Civil War, partly at fault for the formation of the Confederacy

Front 95

Jefferson Davis

Back 95

president of the Confederacy, believed slavery was essential to the South

Front 96

John Breckinridge

Back 96

vice president under Buchanan, ran for president in 1860, supported slavery and states' rights

Front 97

John Brown

Back 97

violent abolitionist, murdered slaveholders in Kansas and Missouri, raided Harpers Ferry, wanted to incite slave rebellion, became a martyr

Front 98

John Fremont

Back 98

explorer, soldier and politician, ran for president in 1856, had radical views on slavery

Front 99

Ku Klux Klan

Back 99

terrorist organization in the South throughout Reconstruction and after, wanted to maintain white supremacy through violence and intimidation

Front 100

Radical Republicans

Back 100

demanded immediate emancipation of slaves, favored racial equality, voting rights, and land distribution to former slaves

Front 101

Robert E. Lee

Back 101

Confederate general, very successful until he fought U.S. Grant, surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to end the war

Front 102

Scalawags

Back 102

white southerners who cooperated with and served in Reconstruction governments, considered traitors to their states

Front 103

Ten-percent plan

Back 103

Reconstruction plan of Lincoln and Johnson, when ten percent of voters in 1860 took and oath of allegiance, renounced secession, and approved the Thirteenth Amendment, a southern state could form a government and elect congressional representatives

Front 104

Tenure of Office Act

Back 104

attempt by Radicals to diminish Andrew Johnson's authority, provided that he couldn't remove any civilian official without Senate approval, Johnson was impeached because of it

Front 105

Thaddeus Stevens

Back 105

Radical Republican, wanted to give equality to blacks, leader in the impeachment of Andrew Johnson

Front 106

Thirteenth Amendment

Back 106

abolished slavery everywhere in the US

Front 107

Ulysses S. Grant

Back 107

Union general, defeated Robert E. Lee to end the Civil War, was a bad president for two terms

Front 108

Wade-Davis Bill

Back 108

harsh Congressional Reconstruction bill, provided the president would appoint provisional governments for conquered states until majority of voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union, required abolition of slavery, disenfranchisement of Confederate officials, repudiation of Confederate debt, killed by Lincoln with a pocket veto

Front 109

William Seward

Back 109

Lincoln's secretary of state, bought Alaska from Russia

Front 110

Act of Toleration

Back 110

Act passed in Maryland in 1649 - granted freedom of worship to all Christians

Front 111

Anne Hutchinson

Back 111

Massachusetts Bay colonist, banished from Massachusetts for heresy

Front 112

Anglican Church

Back 112

Church of England, started by Henry VIII, strong in the Southern Colonies, second largest church in America

Front 113

Bacon's Rebellion

Back 113

Headed by Nathaniel Bacon, Jamestown was burned; first colonial rebellion against British policy, caused by indentured servant system

Front 114

Board of Trade and Plantations

Back 114

Chief body in England for governing the colonies

Front 115

Puritans (Congregationalists)

Back 115

Sought to purify the Church of England because it retained too many Catholic ideas; believed in predestination, strong in New England, very intolerant of other religious groups

Front 116

Dominion of New England

Back 116

Attempt to combine all the New England colonies under one governor; dissolved after Glorious Revolution in England

Front 117

Edmund Andros

Back 117

Unpopular governor of the Dominion of New England

Front 118

First Great Awakening

Back 118

Religious revival in the colonies in the 1730's and 40's; headed by George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards; they preached of atonement for sins by confession; this movement was in response to growing secularism and rationalism

Front 119

Halfway Covenant

Back 119

Children born to non-members of the Puritan church could be baptized, but could not take communion or vote in gov't / church affairs

Front 120

Headright System

Back 120

Attracted settlers to colonial America; the more people a man brought over to the colonies, the more land he was granted

Front 121

House of Burgesses

Back 121

The first popularly elected legislative assembly in America

Front 122

Indentured Servants

Back 122

'Rented slaves'; precursor to actual slavery; served 4-7 years then were freed

Front 123

Jonathan Edwards

Back 123

Puritan minister who co-led the Great Awakening; wrote 'Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God'

Front 124

John Smith

Back 124

Saved Jamestown, imposed work and order in the settlement during its critical first years

Front 125

John Winthrop

Back 125

Puritan leader who created the 'city on a hill' ideal

Front 126

Mayflower Compact

Back 126

Written agreement to create a government in Plymouth; precursor to charters and constitutions

Front 127

Mercantilism

Back 127

Economic doctrine that called for the mother country to dominate and regulate its colonies; a nation could only profit at the expense of another; fixed trade patters, kept high tarriffs, discouraged colonial manufacturing

Front 128

Navigation Acts

Back 128

English laws to enforce Mercantilism

Front 129

Roger Williams

Back 129

Excommunicated and banished from the Puritan Church for calling for separation between the church and state; later founded Rhode Island

Front 130

Salem Witchhunt

Back 130

Period of hysteria in the late 1600's when teenage girls accused others of witchcraft; 19 were executed and hundreds imprisoned

Front 131

Salutary Neglect

Back 131

British colonial policy until 1763; very little interference with the colonies, who thrived and prospered with this lack of control

Front 132

Quakers (Society of Friends)

Back 132

Founded by George Fox; believed in a distinct, individual experience with God; strongly opposed to the Anglican and Puritan churches; William Penn established Pennsylvania as a haven for them

Front 133

Stono Rebellion

Back 133

Slave rebellion in South Carolina; crushed quickly, and used as an example to other slaves considering rebellion

Front 134

Theocracy

Back 134

Government organized and administered by the church; example of this is the Puritan Church in the Massachusetts Bay colony

Front 135

William Penn

Back 135

Established Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers; Pennsylvania was very tolerant religiously

Front 136

Battle of Saratoga

Back 136

Turning point in the Revolution; 6,000 British soldiers surrendered to American forces in New York; convinced the French to ally with the colonies

Front 137

Battle of Yorktown

Back 137

George Washington trapped 8,000 British soldiers on a peninsula in Virginia; this was the last major battle in the Revolution

Front 138

Ben Franklin

Back 138

America's leading diplomat during the Revolutionary period; helped secure the French Alliance and Treaty of Paris

Front 139

Boston Massacre

Back 139

British troops shot and killed 5 colonists; sparked rebellious dissent in the colonies

Front 140

Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)

Back 140

British Acts punishing Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party; included closing the port of Boston, revoking Massachusetts' charter, trying all British officials in England rather than America, and forcing colonists to house British troops

Front 141

Declaratory Act

Back 141

Face-saving Act passed after the Stamp Act was repealed; asserted British sovereignty over the colonies

Front 142

George III

Back 142

King of England during the Revolution; advocate of harsh colonial policies

Front 143

George Washington

Back 143

Commander of the colonial army; not a military genius, but his integrity and judgment kept the army together; indispensable for the colonial cause

Front 144

John Dickinson

Back 144

Wrote 'Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania'; advocated colonial rights but wanted conciliation with England; opposed the Declaration of Independence; helped write the Articles of Confederation

Front 145

John Jay

Back 145

Negotiated the Treaty of Paris

Front 146

John Locke

Back 146

English philosopher; wrote that governments have a duty to protect people's life, liberty, and property; many colonial patriots like his ideas

Front 147

Loyalists

Back 147

Colonists who remained loyal to England; often older, better educated people

Front 148

Patrick Henry

Back 148

Early advocate of independence; strong opponent of the Stamp Act and a great defender of individual rights; said 'give me liberty, or give me death'

Front 149

Pontiac's Rebellion

Back 149

Indian uprising in the Ohio Valley; 2,000 settlers were killed

Front 150

Salutary Neglect

Back 150

British foreign policy before 1763; colonies were generally left alone

Front 151

Samuel Adams

Back 151

Leader of the Sons of Liberty; supported independence; primary leader of the Boston Tea Party; delegate in the Continental Congress

Front 152

Seven Years War

Back 152

War between England and France; known as the French and Indian War

Front 153

Sons of Liberty

Back 153

Rebellious colonial groups that worked to enforce boycotts and prevent the distribution and sale of tax stamps; intimidated the British with violence

Front 154

Stamp Act

Back 154

British tax on all documents

Front 155

Stamp Act Congress

Back 155

Met in New York to protest the Stamp Act; petitioned the king and organized a boycott that eventually helped force the act's repeal

Front 156

Sugar Act

Back 156

First British attempt to raise revenue through taxation

Front 157

Thomas Jefferson

Back 157

Main author of the Declaration of Independence; wrote that governments that did not protect unalienable rights should be changed

Front 158

Thomas Paine

Back 158

Wrote 'Common Sense'; called for a break with England

Front 159

Townshend Acts

Back 159

Levied taxes on imported items like paper, glass, and tea; intended to raise revenue

Front 160

Virtual Representation

Back 160

Idea that Parliament was a collective representation of all English regardless of where they lived; rejected by colonists

Front 161

Alexander Hamilton

Back 161

Strong nationalist and first secretary of the treasury; founder of the Federalist Party

Front 162

Alien and Sedition Acts

Back 162

American Acts designed to suppress French agents working against American neutrality; granted the President the power to deport dangerous aliens, lengthen the residency requirement for citizenship, and restrict freedoms of speech and press

Front 163

Annapolis Convention

Back 163

Meeting over interstate commerce; Alexander Hamilton proposed a meeting the next year to revise the Articles of Confederation

Front 164

Anti-Federalists

Back 164

Opposed ratification of the US Constitution; feared concentration of federal power

Front 165

Democratic Republican Party

Back 165

Led by Thomas Jefferson; feared centralized power, supported states' rights, opposed Hamilton's financial plan, and supported ties to France; influenced by Southern agrarians

Front 166

Farewell Address

Back 166

Presidential address in which Washington warned the nation to avoid foreign alliances and domestic factions; became the basis of isolationism

Front 167

Federalist Papers

Back 167

Written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison; published in newspapers to convince New York to ratify the Constitution; treatise on the foundations of the Constitution

Front 168

Federalist Party

Back 168

Led by Alexander Hamilton; favored strong central government, commercial interests, Hamilton's financial plan, and close ties to England; strongest among merchant class and property owners

Front 169

Federalists

Back 169

Favored the ratification of the US Constitution

Front 170

Great Compromise

Back 170

Congress would consist of two houses; lower house based on state population, and upper house with equal representation

Front 171

James Madison

Back 171

Strong nationalist; organized the Annapolis Convention, authored the Virginia Plan, and drafted the Bill of Rights; founder of the Democratic Republican Party

Front 172

Jay's Treaty

Back 172

Agreement with England; England would evacuate forts in US territory along the Great Lakes, US would pay pre-revolutionary war debts owed to Britain

Front 173

Loose Constructionist

Back 173

Person who believes that the 'elastic clause' of the Constitution gives the central government wide latitude of action

Front 174

New Jersey Plan

Back 174

Proposed by William Paterson to counter the Virginia Plan; one-house legislature with equal representation for each state, and strengthened the government's power to tax and regulate commerce

Front 175

Northwest Ordinance

Back 175

Provided territorial status for a region when population reached 5,000, and petitioning rights for statehood when the population reached 60,000; also outlawed slavery in the Northwest Territory

Front 176

Pinckney's Treaty

Back 176

Agreement with Spain that opened the Mississippi River to American navigation and granted Americans the right to colonize New Orleans

Front 177

Shays's Rebellion

Back 177

Farmer uprising in Massachusetts; closed courts, threatened revolution in the state; the government's inability to suppress it reinforced the belief that the Articles of Confederation needed strengthening

Front 178

Strict Constructionist

Back 178

Person who interprets the Constitution very narrowly; believes that a power not strictly stated in the Constitution could not be exercised by the government

Front 179

Thomas Jefferson

Back 179

First secretary of state; led opposition to the Hamilton/Washington plan to centralize power; founded the Democratic Republican Party; vice president for two terms

Front 180

Three-Fifths Compromise

Back 180

Agreement at the Constitutional Convention; said slaves would count as 3/5 of a free person for taxation and representation

Front 181

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Back 181

Reaction against the Sedition Act; stated that when the national government exceeded its Constitutional powers, the states had the right to nullify any offending laws

Front 182

Virginia Plan

Back 182

Edmund Randolph and James Madison's proposal in the Constitutional Convention; would have a two-house legislature; elected lower house and an upper house appointed by the lower house; this supported larger states

Front 183

Whiskey Rebellion

Back 183

Uprising in Pennsylvania over an excise tax on whiskey; George Washington crushed the rebellion with force

Front 184

XYZ Affair

Back 184

Diplomatic effort by John Adams to soothe relations with the French, who were upset by Jay's Treaty and American neutrality in their conflict with Britain; three Americans were told they must offer a bribe before they could negotiate; began war hysteria in the US

Front 185

Adams-Onis Treaty

Back 185

Also known as Florida Purchase Treaty and the Transcontinental Treaty, U.S. paid $5 million for Florida, Spain recognized American claims in the Oregon Territory, U.S. gave up its claim to Texas

Front 186

American System

Back 186

set of proposals by Henry Clay, called for National Bank, protective tariff, internal improvements; goal was to make America self sufficient

Front 187

Andrew Jackson

Back 187

US General who defeeated Indians at Horseshoe Bend and commanded victory over the British at New Orleans. War of 1812 made him a hero, which lead him to presidency

Front 188

Battle of New Orleans

Back 188

Major battle of War of 1812, took place after the war was over.Americans Protected the title city and inflicted heavy defeat upon the British and this caused Andrew Jackson to rise in fame

Front 189

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

Back 189

british Ship attacked American ship and killed many and used impressment to bring 4 alleged deserters into the British Navy

Front 190

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Back 190

Supreme courth Case in which the court prevented New Hampshire from changing Dartmouths charter. this limited states power and promoted business interest

Front 191

Embargo Act

Back 191

law passed by Congress to stop all US exports until French and British interference with American merchant ships. this didnt do very much but hurt American economy

Front 192

Fletcher v. Peck

Back 192

Supreme Court case that established the Courts power to invalidate any state law contrary to the constitution. this case prevented Georgia from rescinding a land grant even though it was fraudulently made

Front 193

Gibbon v Ogden

Back 193

Landmark case in which supreme court struck down a new york law that granted monopoly to certain steamboats between NY and NJ. Established Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce and it expanded federal power and limited States' Rights

Front 194

Hartford Convention

Back 194

meeting of New England state leaders in 1814. the delegates called for restrictions on embargoes and limits on presidential tenure. the end of the war brought an end to the gathering, but it was later branded as unpatriotic and helped bring on the collapse of the Federalist Party

Front 195

Henry Clay

Back 195

Leading American statesman fron 1810 to 1852; he served as a member of congress, speaker of the House, senator, and secretary of state and made 3 unsuccessful presidential bids. he was known as the Great Compromiser for his roles in the compromises of 1820, 1833, and 1850

Front 196

Impressment

Back 196

the forceful drafting of American Sailors into the British navy. this was the principal cause of the war of 1812

Front 197

John Marshall

Back 197

Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court, 1801-1835. arguably the most influential chief justice. he authored many court cases and incorporated Hamilton's Federalist concepts into the Constitution. he established the principle of Judicial Review.

Front 198

Louisiana Purchase

Back 198

an 828,000 square mile purchase from france in 1803 for $15 million. this doubled the size of the United States and brought in control of the Mississippi River and New Orleans

Front 199

Macon's Bill No. 2

Back 199

modified Embargo that replaced the Non Intercourse Act. this measure reopened trade with both Britain and France but held that id either agreed to respect America's neutrality in the conflict, then the US would end trade with the other.

Front 200

Marbury v. Madison

Back 200

court case that established Judicial review. court struck down Judiciary Act of 1789, which the judges believed gave the court power that exceeded the Constitution's intent

Front 201

McCulloch v. Maryland

Back 201

Court case in which the Court established supremacy of Federal Law over State Law.

Front 202

Missouri Compromise

Back 202

compromise settled by Henry clay. it had three parts. (1) Missouri became the 12th Slave State, (2) Maine became the 12th Free State, and (3) and created a line in the Louisiana Territory at 36 30' above which no slavery was allowed and below which slavery was allowed

Front 203

Non-Intercourse Act

Back 203

replaced the embargo policy by allowing US trade with all countries except Britain and France.

Front 204

Monroe Doctrine

Back 204

proclaimed that no new colozation in the Western Hemisphere was allowed, existing colonies were not to be interfered with, and the US would not meddle in European affairs

Front 205

Panic of 1819

Back 205

severe depression that followed the economic boom of the post War of 1812 years. the Second National Bank called in loans and raised interest rates, and therefore received the blame for the panic.

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Second Bank of the United States

Back 206

National Bank organized in 1816 closely modeled after the First one. it held federal tax receipts and regulated the amount of money circulating in the economy.

Front 207

Treaty of Ghent

Back 207

agreement that ended the war of 1812 but was silent on the causes of the war. all captured territory was returned and unresolved issues were left to future negotiations.

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War Hawks

Back 208

young congressmen in the 12th congress from the South and West who demanded war with Britain. led by Henry Clay and Hohn Calhoun, they hoped to annex canada, defend US maritime rights, and end troubles with Native Americans in the Trans-Appalachian West

Front 209

Corrupt Bargain

Back 209

Agreement between Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams during the disputed election of 1824. Clay threw his support to Adams in turn for Clay becoming the Secretary of state. Andrew Jackson believed he had been cheated out of presidency

Front 210

Daniel Webster

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noted orator, constitutional lawyer, senator, secretary of state, and major spokesman for nationalism and the union in the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s

Front 211

Democratic Party

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modern day major political party whose antecedents can be traced to the Dem-Rep party. these came out of the outraged supporters of Jackson after the "corrupt Bargain"

Front 212

Exposition and Protest

Back 212

document secretly written by VP Calhoun in support of nullification.

Front 213

His Accidency

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nickname given to John Tyler in 1841 by his opponents when he assumed presidency upon the death of William Henry Harrison. this nickname symbolized his conflict with the whig party on key national issues such as the National Band, the high tariff, and internal improvements

Front 214

Indian Removal Act

Back 214

Gave the president the athourity to negotiate treaties with southeastern tribes and to trade their land in the east for territory in the West. it provided money for the relocation and transfer of the tribes

Front 215

John C. Calhoun

Back 215

VP under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson, he wrote Exposition and Protest and led the nullification fight in 1832 and 1833

Front 216

John Quincy Adams

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Son of President John Adams and secretary of state who helped purchase Florida and formulate the Monroe Doctrine and a president who supported an activist government and economic nationalism. he was defeated in his bid for a second term by Jackson, after which he was an active member of congress

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Market revolution

Back 217

process that took place in 19th century America in which an economy dominated by small farms and workshops was transformed into an economy in which farmers and manufacturerrs produced for distant cash markets. it led to the emergence of the "Working Class

Front 218

Martin Van Buren

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senator, VP and president of the US. panic of 1837 ruined his presidency. he later supported the Free Soil Party

Front 219

Nullification

Back 219

theory that the states created the Constitution as a compact among them and that they were the final judge in the constitutionality of federal lay.states could basically refuse to obey a law that they disagreed with

Front 220

Panish of 1837

Back 220

Major depression, crop failures, European Financial trouble, the Specie Circular all contributed to the crash. this ruined the Presidency of Martin Van Buren.

Front 221

Pet Banks

Back 221

financial institutions friendly to Andrew Jackson;s administration that received federal funds when he vetoed the second National Bank's recharter in 1832 and removed all government deposits from it

Front 222

Specie Circular

Back 222

federal government action to dampen inflation, Jackson issued an order that all payment for public lands be in gold and silver.

Front 223

Spoils System

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practice of appointing people to government positions as a reward for their loyalty and political support.

Front 224

Tariff of Abominations

Back 224

name given to high tariff that passed in 1828. after years of steadily rising, it suddenly jumped to all time highs on certain goods. this led to the nullification crisis

Front 225

Train of Tears

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removal of 18000 Cherokees, evicted from lands in the SE US and marched to the Indian Territory in Oklahoma

Front 226

Whigs

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Political party formed in 1832 to oppose Andrew Jackson, led by Henry Clay. it opposed Strong Presidents and advocated the rechartering of the national bank, distributing western lands, high tariff, and internal improvements.

Front 227

Alfred T. Mahan

Back 227

naval officer, writer, teacher, philosopher of new imperialism, wrote 'The Influence of Sea Power Upon History'

Front 228

Big Four

Back 228

leaders who constructed the Treaty of Versailles: Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau, David Lloyd George, Vittorio Orlando

Front 229

Big Stick Policy

Back 229

Theodore Roosevelt's method for achieving American goals in the Caribbean, 'speak softly and carry a big stick,' protected American commercial supremacy, limited European intervention, protected Panama canal

Front 230

Boxer Rebellion

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Chinese uprising against foreigners, prompted the Second Open Door Note

Front 231

Dollar Diplomacy

Back 231

President Taft's policy, encouraged American businesses to invest in Latin America to achieve US control

Front 232

Emilio Aguinaldo

Back 232

Filipino patriot, led a rebellion against both Spain and the US, seeking independence for the Philippines

Front 233

Fourteen Points

Back 233

Woodrow Wilson's terms for the Treaty of Versailles, called for free trade, self-determination for all people, freedom of the seas, open diplomacy, and a League of Nations, European powers did not think it was harsh enough on Germany

Front 234

George Dewey

Back 234

naval hero of the Spanish-American War, defeated the Spanish at Manila Bay

Front 235

Henry Cabot Lodge

Back 235

chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, demanded changes to the Fourteen Points, but Wilson refused, causing it to be rejected

Front 236

John Fiske

Back 236

historian and expansionist, argued that the US had the right of manifest destiny

Front 237

John Hay

Back 237

secretary of State under McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt, author of the Open Door Notes, which attempted to protect American interests in China

Front 238

John Pershing

Back 238

American commander in France during WWI, 'Black Jack'

Front 239

Josiah Strong

Back 239

expansionist who blended racist and religious reasons to justify American expansion, saw WASP's as trained by God to expand and spread Christianity

Front 240

Lusitania

Back 240

British passenger ship sunk by a German submarine, over 100 Americans were killed, one of the reasons the US got involved in WWI

Front 241

Maine

Back 241

US battleship sent to Havan to protect American interests, mysteriously blew up, American press blamed the Spanish and helped start the Spanish American War

Front 242

Pineapple Republic

Back 242

popular name for the government US sugar planters in Hawaii set up

Front 243

Platt Amendment

Back 243

an amendment added to Cuba's constitution by the Cuban government, said that Cuba would make no treaties that compromised its independence or granted concessions to other countries without US approval

Front 244

Roosevelt Corollary

Back 244

addendum to the Monroe Doctrine issued after the Dominican Republic got into financial trouble with several European nations, the US assumed the right to intervene in Latin American countries

Front 245

Teller Amendment

Back 245

part of a declaration of war against Spain, Congress pledged that Cuba would be freed and not annexed by the US as a result

Front 246

Theodore Roosevelt

Back 246

assistant secretary of the navy, headed a volunteer regiment in the Spanish American War (Rough Riders), later became president of the US

Front 247

Treaty of Paris

Back 247

ended the Spanish American War, terms said that Cuba gained independence from Spain, and the US acquired Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines

Front 248

Treaty of Versailles

Back 248

ended WWI, much harder on Germany than Wilson wanted

Front 249

Valeriano Weyler

Back 249

Spanish governor in charge of suppressing the Cuban revolution, brutal tactics, American press called him the Butcher

Front 250

William Borah

Back 250

led a group of Senators who were opposed to joining the League of Nations, promoted isolationism

Front 251

William Borah

Back 251

led a group of senators who opposed joining the League of Nations, believed in traditional isolationism

Front 252

William McKinley

Back 252

president at the turn of the century, reluctant expansionist, assassinated

Front 253

William Seward

Back 253

secretary of state, expansionist, bought Alaska from Russia, acquired Midway

Front 254

Yellow Journalism

Back 254

sensationalism in the press, dominated by Pulitzer's New York World and Hearst's New York Journal, stirred Americans against Spain

Front 255

Zimmerman Note

Back 255

secret German proposal to Mexico for an alliance against the US, intercepted by the Allies

Front 256

A. Mitchell Palmer

Back 256

attorney general during the Red Scare, led raids against suspected radicals

Front 257

Booker T. Washington

Back 257

influential black leader, proposed that blacks accept social and political segregation in return for economic opportunity, founded Tuskegee Institute

Front 258

Calvin Coolidge

Back 258

pro-business president, took over after Harding's death, restored honesty to government, laissez-faire policies brought short-term prosperity

Front 259

Currie Chapman Catt

Back 259

president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, organized the League of Women Voters

Front 260

Charles Lindbergh

Back 260

mail service pilot, made the first flight across the Atlantic, later became a leading isolationist

Front 261

Eighteenth Amendment

Back 261

prohibition, Noble Experiment

Front 262

Federal Reserve Act

Back 262

established a national banking system for the first time since the 1830's, designed to combat the money trust, created 12 regional banks

Front 263

Great Migration

Back 263

movement of southern, rural blacks to northern cities

Front 264

Harlem Renaissance

Back 264

black artistic movement in New York City in the 1920's, when writers, poets, painters, musicians came together to express feelings and experiences, mostly about injustice

Front 265

Ida Tarbell

Back 265

crusading journalist, wrote The History of the Standard Oil Company, documented Rockefeller's ruthlessness and questionable business tactics

Front 266

Wobblies

Back 266

Industrial Workers of the World, revolutionary industrial union, led by Big Bill Haywood, worked to overthrow capitalism

Front 267

Jane Addams

Back 267

social worker, leader in the settlement house movement, founded Hull House, shared the Nobel Peace Prize

Front 268

Ku Klux Klan

Back 268

Reconstruction-era organization, revived in 1915, opposed blacks, Catholics, Jews, and immigrants

Front 269

Langston Hughes?

Back 269

leading literary figure of the Harlem Renaissance

Front 270

Lincoln Steffens

Back 270

leading muckraking journalist, exposed political corruption in the cities, wrote The Shame of Cities

Front 271

Marcus Garvey

Back 271

black leader in the 1920's, appealed to urban blacks with self-sufficiency, pride, founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association, deported to Jamaica

Front 272

New Nationalism

Back 272

Theodore Roosevelt's progressive reform platform, built on the Square Deal, called for strong federal government to maintain economic competition and social justice, but also accept trusts

Front 273

Nineteenth Amendment

Back 273

granted women's suffrage

Front 274

Pure Food and Drug Act

Back 274

regulated food and patent medecine industries

Front 275

Red Scare

Back 275

period of hysteria after WWI over the possible spread of Communism in the US

Front 276

Robert La Follette

Back 276

progressive governor and senator, established Wisconsin idea that reformed the state through direct primaries, tax reform, and anti-corruption legislation

Front 277

Sacco and Vanzetti

Back 277

Italian radicals, became symbols of the Red Scare, arrested and executed for robbery and murder, believed to be innocent

Front 278

Scopes Trial

Back 278

trial over John Scopes' teaching of evolution, pitted fundamental Bible teachings against evolution, Scopes was convicted, but fundamentalism was damaged

Front 279

Social Gospel

Back 279

movement that began in Protestant churches in the late 1800's, applied Bible teachings to industrial age problems, led by Washington Gladden and Walter Rauschenbusch

Front 280

Tea Pot Dome Scandal

Back 280

biggest scandal of Harding's administration, Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall illegally leased government oil fields

Front 281

Upton Sinclair

Back 281

wrote The Jungle, helped convince Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act

Front 282

W. E. B. DuBois

Back 282

black intellectual, opposed Booker T. Washington, called for immediate equality, founding member of the NAACP

Front 283

Warren Harding

Back 283

weak president, allowed appointees to loot and cheat the government

Front 284

Woodrow Wilson

Back 284

successful Democratic president, viewed trusts as evil, called for their destruction, drew heavily on Louis Brandeis, led the nation through WWI