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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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About how much does the heart weight?
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3.25 lbs
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About what size is the heart?
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About the size of your fist
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What is the pericardium?
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The lining of the pericardial cavity
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What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?
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Epicardium
Myocardium Endocardium |
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Which layer of the heart wall touches serous fluid?
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Epicardium
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What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
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Right atrium
Left ventricle Right atrium Left ventricle |
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What are the valves of the heart?
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(2) AV valves
(2) Semilunar valves |
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Where does the left ventricle pump blood to?
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Body
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Where does the right ventricle pump blood to?
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Lungs
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papillary muscle
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cone-shaped projections that arise from inner surface of right ventricle; leads up to chordae tendineae
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chordae tendineae
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pulls on doors so blood doesn't go back into atrium
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What are the 2 types of cardiac muscle cells?
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Conducting system cells
Contractile cells |
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What are the 3 parts of the conduction system?
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SA node
AV node Conducting cells that connect the nodes |
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What is an EKG used for?
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It is used to assess the performance of a specific nodal, conducting, or contractile component.
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What is happening during the P wave?
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Depolarization of atria; small
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What is happening during the QRS Complex?
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Depolarization of ventricles; strong
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What is happening during the R wave?
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Ventricles contract AFTER this
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What is happening during the T wave?
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Repolarization of ventricles
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During an EKG, what might a large QRS Complex mean?
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Enlarged heart
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During an EKG, what might a small QRS Complex mean?
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Heart mass has decreased
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What is the order of events in the cardiac cycle?
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Atria systole
Atria diastole Ventricular systole Ventricular diastole |
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systole
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contraction, chamber contracts and pushes blood into next chamber or arterial trunk
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diastole
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relaxation, chamber fills with blood and prepares for next cardiac cycle
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What are the 4 human heart sounds?
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S1, S2, S3, S4
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Which human heart sound is "lubb"?
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S1
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Which human heart sound is "dubb"?
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S2
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What is happening during S1?
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Start of ventricular contraction; AV valves close
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What is happening during S2?
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Start of ventricular filling; semilunar valves close
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What is happening during S3?
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Blood is flowing into ventricles
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What is happening during S4?
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Atrial contraction
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Which 2 heart sounds are hard to hear in healthy adults?
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S3 and S4
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cardiac output
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the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute
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peripheral resistance
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the resistance of the arterial system affected by these factors: viscosity, turbulence, vascular resistance
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stroke volume
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amount of blood pumped out of the 2 ventricles in a single heart beat
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endocarditis
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condition that damages the chordae tendineae and heart valves
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myocarditis
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inflammation of the heart muscle caused by microorganisms
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pericarditis
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inflammation/infection of the pericardium that usually reduces its elasticity
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rheumatic heart disease (RHD)
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results from untreated strep throat where the heart valves becomes thickened affecting blood flow
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myocardial infarction
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heart attack; coronary circulation is blocked and cardiac muscle cells die from oxygen starvation
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cyanosis
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bluish coloration of the skin due to presence of deoxygenated blood in vessels
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stenosis
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two types of RHD: mitral and aortic
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coronary thrombus
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blockage due to formation of clot at a plaque in a coronary artery
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heart failure
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heart weakens and peripheral tissues suffer from oxygen and nutrient deprivation
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cardiomyopathy
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group of diseases w/ common symptom of progressive, often irreversible, degeneration of myocardium
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heart block, 1st degree
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AV node and proximal part of AV bundle have slow passage of impulses to ventricular myocardium
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heart block, 2nd degree
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ventricle won't be stimulated and will be skipped; 2:1 ratio, sometimes 3:1 atrial to ventricular stimulation
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heart block, 3rd degree
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conducting pathway stops functioning
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tachycardia
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heart rate over 100 beats/minute
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bradycardia
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heart rate below 60 beats/minute
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fibrillation
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rapid, irregular, synchronized contractions of muscle fibers in the heart
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What is a PVC?
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When a Purkinje cell or ventricular myocardial cell depolarizes a threshold and triggers a premature contraction; "premature ventricular contraction"
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What is a VT?
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4 or more PVCs without intervening normal beats; "ventricular tachycardia"
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Describe the clinical significance of multiple PVCs and VT.
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These two come commonly occur right before cardiac arrest.
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What are the intrinsic controls of the human heart?
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The SA node, AV node, interseptum bundles control the heart beat from within the heart
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What are the extrinsic controls of the human heart?
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The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system speed up or slow the heart down from the outside.
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What ANS controls of the heart are located in the medulla oblongata?
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Cardioinhibitory center and cardioacceleratory center
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What controls the human heart rate?
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The parasympathetic nervous system slows heart rate down.
The sympathetic nervous system speeds it up. |
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Identify 5 characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue.
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Striated
Uni/bi-nucleated Loose T-tubules (no triads) Needs ATP for contraction (can't rely on anaerobic resp.) Intercalated discs |
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gap channel
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cell to cell connection where 2 neighboring proteins fuse together and make an ion channel
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Which is slower, skeletal muscle contraction or cardiac muscle contraction?
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Cardiac muscle contraction
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What allows autorhythmic cells to contract on their own?
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Unstable cell membrane that will spontaneously depolarize
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What 2 hormones function as a cardiac stimulator?
What organ do they come from? |
Epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal glands
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What is the formula of cardiac output?
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CO = Stroke volume x Heart Rate
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Where does deoxygenated blood come from?
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Body
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Where does oxygenated blood come from?
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Lungs
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Trace the path of blood coming from the lungs to outside the body.
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Left pulmonary vein -->
Left atrium --> Left ventricle --> Left semilunar valve --> Ascending/descending aorta Out the body |
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Trace the path of blood coming from the body to the lungs.
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Superior/inferior vena cava -->
Right atrium --> Right ventricle --> Pulmonary semilunar valves --> Pulmonary trunk --> Left/right pulmonary arteries --> Out to lungs |
