Ap Human Geography- Chapter 10 Flashcards (Agriculture)

Front 1

Environmental Factor- AG revolution

Back 1

climate change due to ice age- plants distributed

Front 2

Cultural Factor- AG revolution

Back 2

preference for living in a fixed area, observation of plant growth

Front 3

What are the 4 main crop hearths?

Back 3

LESS: Latin America, East Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southwest Asia

Front 4

Name a crop and animal from Southwest Asia

Back 4

Goat, Cattle, Sheep, Oats, Barley, Lentil

Front 5

Name the 8 crops and 2 animals of Latin America

Back 5

Cassava, Cotton, Squash, Lima Bean, Potato, Sweet Potato, Pepper, Maize

Llama, Alpaca

Front 6

Name a crop from Sub-Saharan Africa

Back 6

Coffee, Yam

Front 7

Name a crop from East Asia

Back 7

rice, soybean, walnut, Chinese Chesnut

Front 8

Subsistence Agriculture

Back 8

production of food for just your family

Front 9

Commercial Agriculture

Back 9

production of food primarily for off the farm

Front 10

What is the significance of % of farmers in the labor force?

Back 10

there is a much higher percentage of farmers in developing countries (44% compared to 5% in developed, 2% in U.S.)

Front 11

What is the significance of machinery use?

Back 11

higher machinery use=higher development

Front 12

What is the significance of farm size?

Back 12

machinery performs better with more land, so more machinery=more land

Front 13

Explain the push and pull factors for the US's decline in farms

Back 13

people were pushed away from small outcome and pulled towards urban higher income jobs

Front 14

Average farm size in U.S. compared to China? (hectares)

Back 14

161/1

Front 15

Diet varies on which 3 factors?

Back 15

level of development, physical condition (climate), and cultural preferences

Front 16

Level of Development effects diet how?

Back 16

developed countries consume more food than developing because they can due to econonomy

Front 17

Climate effects diet how?

Back 17

climate can effect how easily crops can be growing, but a developed country will be able to ship in foods from other climates to sustain demand

Front 18

Culture effects diet how?

Back 18

some food preferences/taboos occur, effecting consumption rate w/o regard to economy/physical conditions

Front 19

Dietary energy consumption

Back 19

amount of food that an individual consumes (kcal or calorie)

Front 20

Most humans get their kcals from what?

Back 20

grain or cereal grain or just cereal

Front 21

What are the 3 main grains?

Back 21

Maize, Wheat, and Rice

Front 22

What are some other crops that countries may consume besides the 3 main grains?

Back 22

cassava, sorghum, millet, plantains, sweet potato, or yams.

Front 23

What is venezuela's main source of dietary energy?

Back 23

sugar!

Front 24

What is the main source of protein in developed/developed countries?

Back 24

Meat/cereal grains

Front 25

food security

Back 25

physical, social, and economic access to meet dietary needs and be healthy

Front 26

how much of the world does not have food security?

Back 26

1/8

Front 27

Just name the numbers for kcal consumption:

average, worldwide, developed, and developing

Back 27

avg. 1800, worldwide 2800, developed 3600, developing 2600

Front 28

undernourishment

Back 28

food consumption is continuously below minimum requirement

Front 29

Which three countries are in the lead of undernourishment (list in order)?

Back 29

India, China, Sub-Saharan Africa

Front 30

What did Whittlesey determine and identify as the 11 regions of agricultural regions (split into 6 developed countries and 5 developed)

Back 30

Developing: pastoral nomadism, slash and burn, intensive subsistence wet rice, intensive subsistence non rice, plantation

Developed: mixed crop and livestock, dairying, grain, ranching, mediterranean, commercial gardening

Front 31

Name a reason that agriculture may differ in climate and an example of such

Back 31

climate: pastoral nomadism in southwest asia and North africa because it is too dry

Front 32

Pastoral Nomadism: Where and What

Back 32

Where: South/ Central Asia and North Africa

What: herding animals that produce milk and hair for shelter while consuming grains.

Front 33

How do pastoral nomads choose their animals?

Back 33

based of strength and prestige, what the animal can provide, for example a camel that can travel long distances and adapt quickly is highly desired.

Front 34

What is the movement path of pastoral nomads?

Back 34

transhumance-seasonal migration between mountains and lowland pasture areas

Front 35

What is the future of pastoral nomadism?

Back 35

victim of transportation technology, gov does not need them anymore for weapon transport and forces them onto smaller land in order to take original PN land for their own systems.

Front 36

Shifting Cultivation: What and Where

Back 36

Where: Latin America, SS africa, and southeast asia

What: cut down trees, burn them, use area for crops

Front 37

What are the main 5 crops of shifting cultivation and where are they?

Back 37

1-rice in SE asia

2-maize and cassava in south america

3-millet and sorghum in south africa

Front 38

land use of shifting cultivation

Back 38

1/4 of the world, individuals own land and rotate it each season

Front 39

What is the future of shifting cultivation?

Back 39

declining- inefficient- it can only support a small amount of people w/o causing environmental damage

Front 40

you're doing good!

Back 40

:)

Front 41

Intensive subsistence agriculture

Back 41

farmers work on one parcel of land intensively, mostly found in developing countries

Front 42

Where is intensive subsistence agriculture normally found?

Back 42

East, South, and Southeast Asia

Front 43

agricultural density

Back 43

farmers to arable land

Front 44

wet rice

Back 44

rice is planted in dry land, but then moved to a flooded field

Front 45

Where is wet rice dominant? (3)

Back 45

East India, Southeast Asia, and Southeast China

Front 46

4 steps of wet rice cultivation

Back 46

1- farmer plows field

2-field is flooded

3-rice is grown on dry land and then transported to flooded field about a month in age

4-harvested with knives, polished, and sold

Front 47

double cropping

Back 47

planting a crop each big season, ex. rice in summer and barley in winter

Front 48

What is the most popular crop since it is not the right climate for rice in India and northeastern china?

Back 48

wheat

Front 49

Where are most plantations located?

Back 49

Latin America, Africa, and Asia

Front 50

What are some popular plantation crops?

Back 50

cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber

Front 51

Name the 5 developing country agricultural types

Back 51

pastoral nomadism, plantation farming, shifting cultivation, intensive- rice and non rice

Front 52

Name the 6 developed country agricultural types

Back 52

mediterranean, mixed crop and live stock, dairy, commercial gardening, grain farming, and livestock ranching

Front 53

agribuisness

Back 53

using high tech to integrate commercial farming into an industry

Front 54

Mixed crop and livestock farming where and what

Back 54

north america, europe, russia

crops are made and fed to the animals

Front 55

main crop/livestock farming crop

Back 55

maize & soybean

Front 56

Where is truck farming found?

Back 56

SE US

Front 57

which country is the world's largest milk producer?

Back 57

india

Front 58

What is milkshed?

Back 58

The "ring" in which represents distance from market to farm where the milk will not become perishable come transportation time

Front 59

farther distance from the farm....(dairy..finish the sentence)

Back 59

less output of milk

Front 60

Name the two challenges of dairy farming

Back 60

labor intensive- constant care

winter feed costs a lot

Front 61

In which three areas is grain farming concentrated in the US

Back 61

kansas, colorado and oklahoma (winter wheat belt), dakotas, montana, and south canada (spring), and the palouse region of washington state

Front 62

What is the world's leading export crop?

Back 62

Wheat

Front 63

Mediterranean AG: where and what

Back 63

southern europe, north africa, western asia

horticulture-

Front 64

describe the land of mediterranean AG

Back 64

hilly, rocky, boarders a sea

Front 65

who is the leading producer of meat

Back 65

china

Front 66

where is ranching found besides in the US

Back 66

australia, spain ,portugal, argentina

Front 67

What is the two problems developing countries face with subsistence farming?

Back 67

pressured to export due to ITM model, must feed a high population

Front 68

What are the two components of Esther Boserup's agricultural sustinence theory?

Back 68

Leave land to fallow for shorter time, adopt new farming methods

Front 69

Name a new method farms may adopt to induce productivity

Back 69

irrigation dug, terraces dug out of hillsides, plows, manure

Front 70

Name the 5 basic layers of fallowing that boserup suggested

Back 70

forest bush short annual multi

Front 71

explain forest fallow

Back 71

used for 2 years, fallow for 20 (forest grows back)

Front 72

bush fallow

Back 72

used for 8 years, fallow for ten (some vegetation grows back

Front 73

short fallow

Back 73

fields are cleared and used for 2 years, and then left for 2 years, repeat (wild grasses grow back)

Front 74

annual cropping

Back 74

fields are used every year and rotated between legumes and roots

Front 75

multi-cropping

Back 75

fields are used several times a year and NEVER fallow

Front 76

Cocaine: where is it grown and where is it going

Back 76

colombia, peru bolivia, to north america

Front 77

Heroin: where is it grown and where is it going

Back 77

afghanistan to western euro

Front 78

Marijuana: where is it where is it going

Back 78

Mexico to US

Front 79

what are the four reasons the UN says food prices have doubled

Back 79

poor weather,high demand, smaller growth and productivity (no miracle product), use of crops for biofuels

Front 80

What three things does the UN do when farm income is low due to high productivity?

Back 80

buys surplus and sells to foreign gov, pays farmers when certain crops are low, encourage farmers not to produce surplus items

Front 81

What is the von thunen model

Back 81

shows importance of distance from market

Front 82

first ring

Back 82

perishable items

Front 83

second ring

Back 83

timber and forested items due to weight

Front 84

third ring

Back 84

crops

Front 85

fourth ring

Back 85

animal grazing

Front 86

Which four strategies are used to distribute food to everyone in the world?

Back 86

increasing exports of surplus

expanding land used for AG

expanding fishing

increasing productivity of land

Front 87

how as the world's agricultural production increased historically

Back 87

by increasing amount of AG land

Front 88

What top 4 countries lead in imports (order)

Back 88

japan, UK, China, Russia

Front 89

Explain a challenge of expanding AG land

Back 89

land being used is getting ruined by overuse that removes soil nutrients, excessive water, and urbanization

Front 90

Explain the Green Revlolution

Back 90

invention and diffusion of AGRI. tech during the 1970-80's

Front 91

what is the most important fertilizer and where is it made

Back 91

nitrogen, china

Front 92

Name the three reasons africa is against GM

Back 92

Increased dependence on US for GM seeds, terminator seed, their biggest customer, Euro, probs wont buy GM seeded items, and also could destroy effectivness of antibiotics

Front 93

sustainable AG

Back 93

practices that promote a healthy environment

Front 94

organic farming benefits

Back 94

ridge tillage, not using chemicals, and integrating crops/livestock (animals eat the crops)