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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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consumer services
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provide services to individual consumers who desire them and can afford to pay for them
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service
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activity that fufills a human want or need and returns money to whose who provide it
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settlement
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permanent collection of buildings where people reside, work, and obtain services
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retail services
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provides goods for sale to consumers
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5 examples of retail services
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-wholesale
-restaurants -food -vehicles -other clothes |
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personal services
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provide services for the well-being and personal improvement of individual consumers
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3 examples of personal services
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-education
-healthcare -social services |
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business services
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facilitate other businesses
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2 types of services
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-producer services
-transportation services |
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producer services
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help people conduct other business like agriculture, manufacturing, or professional services (i.e. law or engineering)
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transportation, communications, and utilities services
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businesses that diffuse and distribute services
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public services
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provides security and protection for citizens and businesses
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clustered rural settlements
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an area where a number of familites live in close proximity to each other with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings
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dispersed rural setllemtns
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farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers
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FIRE
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-Finance
-Industry -Real -Estate a group of services that has recently had relatively modest increases in employment |
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circular rural settlements
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a form of clustered rural settlement that has a central open space surrounded by structures
-ex. "kraal" villages in southern Africa |
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linear rural settlements
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a clustered rural settlement that features buildings clustered along a road, river, or dike to facilitate communications
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enclosure movement
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process of consolidating small landgoldings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the 18th century
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central place
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market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area
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central place theory
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explains the distribution of services and why a regular pattern of settlements doesn't exist in MDCs
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market area/hinterland
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area surrounding a service that attracts customers
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range
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max distance people are willing to travel to use a service
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threshold
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minimum # of people needed to support the service
-i.e. how many customers are around to buy from the service? |
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gravity model
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predicts that the ooptimal location of a service is directly related to the # of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it
oprtimal location ~ # people in area optimal location ~ 1/distance people must travel to access the service |
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rank size rule
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country's nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement
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primate city rule
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states that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement
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primate city
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a country's largest city
i.e. Paris, France |
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Name five ancient world cities
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-Ur in Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq)
-Athens, Greece -Rome, Italy -Troy, Asia Minor (Turkey) -Mycenae (Greece) |
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city-state
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independent, self-governing communities that inclueded the settlement and the nearby countryside
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Name 3 medievial world cities
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-Baghdad, Iraq
-Constantinople (Istanbul, Turkey) -Kyoto, Japan |
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Name 3 modern world cities
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(these cities attract business and financial services that were a result of the industrial revolution)
-New York, USA -London, England -Brussels, Belgium |
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basic industries
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industries which export primarily to consumers outside the settlement
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nonbasic industries
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enterprises whose customers live in the same community, essentially consumer services
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economic base
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community's unique collection of basic industries
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central business district (CBD)
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area where services of all types are clustered in the center of the city
aka downtown |
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Name 3 different retail services in CBDs
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-Retail services with a high threshold (i.e. department store)
-Retail services with a high range -Retail services serving downtown workers |
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urbanization
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two dimensions
-increase in # of people living in the cities - increase in % of people living in the cities higher % - development level |
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3 social differences between urban and rural settlements
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-large size
-high density -social heterogeneity |
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city (legalized definition)
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defines an urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self governing unit
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urbanized area
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consists of a central city plus its contigious built upo suburbs where the pop. density > 1000 people
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metropolitan statistical area (MSA)
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includes:
1) central city w/ pop at least 50000 2) county within which city is located 3) adjacent counties in which at least 15 % of the residents work in the centra city's county and to which at leas two of these tests apply: a. county has a residential density of at least 60 persons/sq. mile b. county has at least 65% of its residents working in nonfarm jobs c. conty has a pop. growth rate of 20%+ in the '70s d. county has at least 10% of its pop., or at least 5000 persons living in the metro area |
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consolidated MSA
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2 adjacent MSAs with overlapping commuting patterns combined
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primary MSA
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an MSA that <1 million within a CMSA
1) pop of at leas 100000 2) at least 60% of residents work in non farm jobs 3) less than 50% of the county's workers commute to jobs outside of county |
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concentric zone model
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used to explain the distribution of different social groups within urban areas
-tells that a city grows outward from a central area |
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E.W. Burgess
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creator of the concentric model zone in 1923
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areas of the concentric model zone
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1. CBD
2. transition zone 3. working-class home zone 4. new home/middle class zone 5. commuter's zone |
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sector model
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second theory of urban structure that developed by Homer Hoyt that says the a city develops because of various activities, such as the environment
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Homer Hoyt
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developed the sector model in 1939, a refinement of the concentric zone model
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multiple nuclei model
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complex structure that involces more than once center around which activities revolve, i.e. ports, neighborhoods, airports, etc.
-states that some activities are attracted to particular nodes while others try to avoid them |
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C.D. Harris and E. L. Ullman
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developed the multiple nuclei model in 1945
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census tracts
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area created by US census bureau for which stats are published that roughly correspond to neighborhoods in urban areas
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social area analysis
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(454)
study of how the distributions of characteristics can be studied and createa an overall picture of where the various types of people tend to live |
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latin american model
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CBD, mall, disamenity, industrial park, spine, outer periferico
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squatter settlements
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typically initated by a group of people who move together onto land outside the city and create their own neighborhood
examples: barrios, barriadas, favelas, gecekondu, kampongs, and barungbarong |
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describe squatter settlements
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-usually comprised of one group of people
-at first do little than sleep in the street and eventually add things to shacks of cardboard -few services because the city and the residents cant afford them -usually leads to illegal housing and blackmail to receive financial means |
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filtering
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process of subdivision of houses and occupancy by sucessive waves of lower-income people
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redlining
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drawing lines on a map to ID areas in which they will refuse to loan money
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urban renewal
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program in which cities ID blighted inner-city neighborhoods, aquire the properties from private owners, relocate theresidents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utitilites, and turn the land over to private developers
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public housing
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housing owned by the government rented to low income residents
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gentrification
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process by which middle-class people move into deteriorated inner city neighborhoods and renovate the housing
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underclass
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inner city residents, referred to as so because they are trapped in an unending cycle of economic and social problems
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annexation
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thte process of legalling adding land area to a city
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peripheral model
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according to this model, the urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residentisl and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road
-lacks physical, social, and economic problems of inner city neighborhoods -shows problems of sprawl and segregation that characterize many suburbs |
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Chauncey Harris
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created the multiple nuclei model and the peripheral model
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edge cities
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around the beltway of the peripheral model where there are nodes of consumer and businesses services
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density gradient
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density change in an urban area
-states that the # houses per unit of land diminishes as the distace from the center city increases |
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sprawl
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progressive spread of development over the landscape
-wastes land big time |
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greenbelts
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rings of open space, usually surrounding British cities
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zoning ordinances
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a system of dividing land that encourages spatial seperation and mixing of land uses within the same district
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rush hour
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the peak hour of four consecutive 15 minute periods that have the heaviest traffic
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council of government
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cooperative agency consisting of representatives of the various local governmentsin the region
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