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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Directly causes mechanical motion
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Muscular
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Responds to environmental changes by transmitting electrical impulses
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Nervous
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Provides support and levers for muscles to work on
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Skeletal
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Protects underlying organs from mechanical damage and synthesiszes Vitamin D
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Integumentary
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Controls the body with chemical molecules called hormones
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Endocrine
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Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues
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Cardiovascular
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Produces antibodies that neutralize foreign substances
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Immune
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Removes and filters excess fluid from tissues |
Lymphatic
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T/F
Microtubules are hollow tubes made of subunits of the protein tubulin |
True
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T/F
Positive feedback mechanisms tend to increase the original stimulus |
True
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T/F
The anatomical position means the body is standing at attention with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body |
True
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T/F
The elbow is proximal to the shoulder |
False
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T/F
The serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity wall is called visceral peritoneum |
False
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T/F
A major function of serous membranes is to decrease friction |
True
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T/F
A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function |
True
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T/F
It is important for any organism to maintain its boundaries so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it. |
True
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T/F
In osmosis, movement of water occurs toward the solution with the lower solute concentration. |
False
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T/F
A process by which large particles may be taken into the cell for food, protection of the body, or for disposing of old or dead cells is called exocytosis. |
False
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T/F
Pressure caused by gravity is necessary for any filtration pressure to occur in the body. |
False
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T/F
The glycocalyx is often refered to as the "cell coat" which is somewhat fuzzy and sticky with numerous cholesterol chains sticking out from the surface of the cell membrane. |
False
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T/F
In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential ranging from -50 to about +50 millivolts. |
False
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T/F
Microfilaments are thin strands of the contractile protein myosin. |
False
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T/F
The cell (plasma) membrane normally contains substantial amounts of cholesterol. |
True
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T/F
Most organelles are bounded by a membrane that is quite different in structure from the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. |
False
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Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains
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A relatively stable internal environment, within limits
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The lungs are located in the following cavities
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pleural, ventral, and throacic
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Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex complex: 1) molecules, 2) atoms, 3) tissues, 4) cells, 5)organ
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2, 1, 4, 3, 5
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Which of the following statements is most correct of homeostatic imbalence?
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It is considered the cause of most diseases.
(Other answers: Positive feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed, negative feedback mechanisms are functioning normally, the internal environment is becoming more stable) |
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One of the functional characteristics of life is irritability. This refers to:
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Sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them.
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The anatomical position is used:
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As a standard reference point for directional terms regardless of the actual position of the body.
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A phospholipid is usually
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Partially polar and partially nonpolar
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Transcytosis is
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Transporting a vesicle from one side of a cell to the other and releasing the contents by exocytosis
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A human red blood cell placed in pure water would:
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Swell and burst
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The plasma membrane is:
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the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell
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Cell junctions that promote the coordinated activity of cells by physicially binding them together into a cell community include all of the following except:
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peroxisomes
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Once solid food material is phaocytized and taken into a vesicle, which of the following statements best describes what happens
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A lysosome combines with the vacuole and digests the enclosed solid material.
(Other answers: the vacuole remains seperate from the cytoplasm and the solid material persists in the vesicle unchanged, nitrogen gas enters the vacuole and "burns" the enclosed solid materia, A ribosome enters the vacuole and uses the amino acids in the "invader" to form a new protein.) |
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Which of the following is a function of plasma membrane proteins?
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Transport of large molecules through the membrane
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Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane?
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)
(other answers: glycoproteins, glycolipids, phospholipids) |
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Phospholipids
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Are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic in nature
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Passive membrane transport processes include:
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Movement of a substance down its concentration gradient
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Mitochondria:
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Contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
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Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the golgi apparatus functionally act in sequence to to synthesize and modify proteins for secretory use (export) only, never for use by the cell. This statement is:
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False; integral cell membrane proteins are also synthesized this way.
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Which of the following is a concept of cell theory?
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A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.
(other answers: the subcellular organelle is the basic unit of life, only higher organisms are composed of cells, simple cells can arise spontaneously from rotting vegetation) |
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The endomembrane system is:
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An interactive system of organelles whose membranes are physically or functionally connected.
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DNA replication:
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Takes place during interphase of the cell cycle
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Chromosomes decoil to form chromatin during:
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Telophase
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Chromosomal centromeres split and chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell
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Anaphase
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T/F
Each daughter cell resulting from mitotic cell division has exactly as many chromosomes as the parent cells. |
True
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________ is the division of the cytoplasm into 2 parts.
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Cytokinesis
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The presence of lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels would indicate:
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Osseous tissue
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Which statement best describes connective tissue?
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Usually Contains a large amount of matrix
Other answers: Always arranged in a single layer of cells, primarily concerned with secretion, usually lines a body cavity |
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Matrix is:
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Fibers and ground substance
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The shape of the external ear is maintained by:
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Elastic tissue
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Chondroblasts
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Within the cartilage, divide and secrete new matrix
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Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in __________ connective tissue
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Embryonic
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The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is best adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress?
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Compact bone
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Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of:
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Fat
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The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the:
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osteoblast
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A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the:
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diaphysis
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Cartilage is found in strategic places in the human skeleton. What is responsible for the reilience of cartilage?
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High water content
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The most abundant skeletal cartilage type is
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Hyaline
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Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?
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Communication
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The structural unit of compact bone is:
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the osteon
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Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of:
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Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called:
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Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
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The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of:
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Blood vessels and nerve fibers
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The small spaces in the bone tissue that are holes in which osteocytes live are called:
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lacunae
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Vertebrae are considered:
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irregular bones
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Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. Appositional growth is:
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The secretion of new matrix against the external face of exisiting cartilage along the edges only.
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Spongy bones are made up of a framework called:
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Trabeculae
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What kind of tissue is forerunner of long bones in the embryo?
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Hyaline cartilage
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In bone formation, a deficiency of growth hormone will cause:
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decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage.
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Ossification of the ends of long bones
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Is produced by secondary ossification centers.
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For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?
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An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue.
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The process of bones increasing in width is known as:
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Appositional growth
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Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?
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Osteoclast
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Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?
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Parathyroid hormone
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The universal loss of mass seen in the skeleton, which begins about the age of 40:
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is caused by incomplete osteon formation and mineralization.
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A bone fracture perpendicular to the bone's axis is called:
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transverse fracture
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Wolff's law is concerned with:
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the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it.
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Cranial bones develop:
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within fibrous membranes
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Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels?
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Thyroid
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In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows:
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By pushing the epipysis away from the diaphysis
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Osteogenesis is the process of:
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Bone formation
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Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through:
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Interstitual growth of the epiphyseal plates.
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In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause?
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Elevated levels of sex hormones
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Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of:
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Calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D
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Which fracture would be least likely in a 92-year-old?
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Greenstick
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The remodeling of bone is a function of which cells?
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Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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Formation of the bony callus in fracture repair is followed by:
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Bone remodeling to convert woven bone to compact bone
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_________ bones are small rounded bones contained within tendons
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Sesamoid
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the _______ of a long bone is the long central shaft composed primarily of compact bone with a meduallary cavity inside.
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Diaphysis
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Which of the following is incorrect regarding bone marrow?
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All are correct.
(Other answers: yellow marrow is used for fat storage, red marrow is the primary site of blood cell synthesis throughout life, yellow marrow can revert to red marrow to produce more blood cells if necessary, in adults red marrow is found in spongy bone and yellow marrow is found in compact bone) |
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__________ are chambers in which osteocytes are found in fully formed compact bone tissue.
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Lacunae
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______ are the channels that connect adjacent osteocytes and allow for intercellular communication through the non living inorganic bone matrix.
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Canaliculi
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Which of the following is correct regarding intramembranous ossification?
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Layers of primitive connective tissue coalesce at the site of the bone and differentiate into osteoblasts
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Of the following steps of endochondral ossification, which occurs first?
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Periosteum forms a compact bone layer around the primary ossification center
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Which layer of the epipheseal plate is the layer where older cells are pushed away from the epiphysis while osteoblasts begin laying down calcium salts around the collagen matrix?
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Thickening layer
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During what approximate time do long bones begin to ossify?
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3rd month-prenatal
OR 4th month-prenatal |
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T/F
The amount of movement permitted by a particular joint is the basis for the functional classification of joints. |
True
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T/F
All joints permit some degree of movement, even if that movement is very slight. |
False
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T/F
Hinge joints permit movement in only two planes. |
False
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T/F
Synovial fluid is a viscous lubricating material that is derived by filtration from the blood. |
True
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A fibrous joint that is a peg-in socket, like that seen for your teeth is called a:
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Gophosis
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An immovable joint found only between skull bones is called a:
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Suture
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Articular carticlage found at the ends of long bones serves to:
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Provide a smooth surface at the ends of bones
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A joint united by dese fibrocartilaginous tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a:
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syndesmosis
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Conncective tissue sacs lined with synovial membranes that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called:
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Bursae
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Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are:
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amphiarthroses
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Which of the following joints affords uniaxial movement?
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Hinge
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The gliding motion of the wrist can be accomplished because of the ______ joints located there.
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Plane
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________ are cartilaginous joints.
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Synchondroses
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The bending of your neck posteriorly until it hurts (ie. beyond the normal range of motion for the joint) is an ex. of:
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Hyperextension
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Synartrotic joints:
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Permit essentially no movement
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The following ar fibrous joints:
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Sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
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Which of the following statements defines synchondroses?
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Cartilaginous joints where hylaine cartilage unites the ends of bones
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Which of the following is a true statement regarding gliding movements?
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Gliding movements occur at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints
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When one is moving a limb away from the median plane of the body it is called:
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Abduction
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The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to:
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the feet
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T/F
The articular surfaces of synovial joint play a miniamls role in joint satbility |
True
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Movement allowed in a pivot joint is known as:
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Rotation
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Which of the following joints would have a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, a synovial membrane, and reinforcing ligaments?
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Hinge
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Which of the following statements best describes angular movements?
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They change (increase or decrease) the angle between two bones
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T/F
The main role of hte ligament at he synovial joint is to help detect teh movement and restrict undesirable movement |
True
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Tendon sheaths
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Act as friction reducing structures
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Saddle joints have both concave and convex surfaces, allowing for biaxial movement of the joint. Which two bones of the hand form a saddle joints?
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Trapezium of the wrist; metacarpal I
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The triads of a muscle fiber consist of
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Two terminal cisternae and a T-tubule
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T/F
The only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae is flexion |
False
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Each end of a sarcomere is marked by
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A Z disc
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The region of a sarcomere where actin and myosin overlap is:
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The A Band
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Which of the following is considered to be a regulatory protein of the myofilaments?
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Troponin
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T/F
Movement at hte hip joint does not have as wide a range of motion as that of the shoulder joint |
True
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The fibrous tissue that surrounds each muscle cell or fiber is called _______ and its function is to ________.
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Endomysium; insulate adjacent muscle cells from one another.
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The outer membrane around the muscle cel or fiber is called the _______, while the tunnel like infoldings of the outer membrane form part of the triad are called the _________.
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Sarcolemma; transverse tubules
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The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores _______ ions and forms dialated sacs alongside transverse (T) tubules called:
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Calcium; terminal cisternae
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T/F
A person who had been diagnoses with a sprained ankle has an injury to the ligament that attach to the joint |
True
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In skeletal muscle, the light bands are called ______ and they contain _______.
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I bands; actin
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The distance from one Z disc to the next is called the ______ and it _____ during muscle contraction
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Sarcomere; shortens
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T/F
The knee joint allows for extension and flexion movements only |
False
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An elaborate netword of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is the ______
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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The striations of a skeletal muscle cell are produced, for the most part, by:
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The arrangement of myofilaments
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T/F
A movement of the forearm in which the plam of the hand is turned for posterior to anterior is supination |
True
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Which of the following are composed of myosin?
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Thick filaments
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Which of the following surrounds muscl fascicles?
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Perimysium
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The functional role of the T tubules is to:
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Enhance cellular communication during muscle contration
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T/F
Cruciate ligaments are important ligamenst that stabilize all ball-and-socket joints |
False
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Muscle tissue has all of the following properties except
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Secretion
|
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T/F
Moving the arm in a full circle about the shoulder is an example of circumduction |
True
|
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T/F
Flexion of the ankle so that the superior aspect of the foot approaches the shin (anterior tibial surface) is called dorsiflexion |
True
|
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T/F
The structural classification of joints is based on the composition of the binding material and the presence or absence of a joint cavity |
True
|
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T/F
Ball-and-socket joints are multiaxial joints |
True
|
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T/F
A nonaxial movement is usually seen at a joint such as a hinge |
False
|
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T/F
All skeletal muscles have an orgine and an insertion |
True
|
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T/F
Each muscle fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the endoeurium |
False
|
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T/F
The bone at the mucsle's insertion shows little or no movement when that muscle contracts |
False
|
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T/F
Involuntary muscles can be smooth or striated |
True
|
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T/F
Troponin is part of the thick filament of asarcomere |
False
|
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T/F
THe thin filamenst of a sarcomere contain the activity sites for myosin attachment |
True
|
|
T/F
The primary function of skeletal muscle is contraction; a secondary function of skeletal muscle is the production of heat. |
True
|
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T/F
When a muscle fiber contracts, the I bands diminish in size, the H zone disappear, and the A bands move closer together but do not diminish in length |
True
|