Ap Euro Test Chapters 16 And 17

Front 1

the transition from the medieval worldview to a largely secular, rational, and materialistic perspective that began in the 17th century and was popularized in the 18th

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Scientific Revolution

Front 2

the belief that the earth was at the center of the universe and that the sun and other celestial objects revolved around the earth

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geocentric conception

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the belief that the sun, not the earth, is at the center of the universe

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heliocentric conception

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Newton's conception of the universe as one huge, regulated, and uniform machine that operated according to natural laws in absolute time, space, and motion

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world-machine

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"arguments about women." A centuries-old debate about the nature of women that continued during the Scientific Revolution as those who argued for the inferiority of women found additional support in the new anatomy and medicine

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querelles des femmes

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Descartes's principle of the separation of mind and matter (and mind and body) that enabled scientists to view matter as something separate from themselves that could be investigated by reason

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Cartesian dualism

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a system of thought based on the belief that human reason and experience are the chief sources of knowledge

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rationalism

Front 8

a method of seeking knowledge through inductive principles, using experiments and observations to develop generalizations

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scientific method

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the practice on relying on observation and experiment

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empiricism

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an 18th century intellectual movement, led by the philosophes, that stressed the application of reason and the scientific method to all aspects

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Enlightenment

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the belief that no culture is superior to another because culture is a matter of custom, not reason, and derives its meaning from the group holding it

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cultural relativism

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intellectuals of the 18th century Enlightenment believed in applying a spirit of rational criticism to all things, including religion and politics, and who focused on improving and enjoying the world

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philosophes

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Those who value the quality of being sophisticated and having wide international experience

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cosmopolitan

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-A doctrine enunciated by Montesquieu in the 18th century that separate executive, legislative, and judicial powers serve to limit and control each other

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separation of powers

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-belief in God as the creator of the universe who, after setting it in motion, ceased to have any direct involvement in it and allowed it to run according to its own natural laws

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deism

Front 16

A doubtful questioning attitude, especially about religion

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skepticism

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"let (them) do (as they please)." An economic doctrine that holds that an economy is best served when the government does not interfere but allows the economy to self-regulate according to the forces of supply and demand

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laissez-faire

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the idea that government should not interfere in the workings of the economy

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economic liberalism

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-a 19th century intellectual and artistic movement that rejected the emphasis on reason of the Enlightenment. Instead, Romantics stressed the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing

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Romanticism

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The belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also, organized activity to advance women's rights

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feminism

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gatherings of philosophes and other notables to discuss the ideas of the Enlightenment; so called from the elegant drawing rooms where they met

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salons

Front 22

An 18th century artistic movement that emphasized grace, gentility, lightness, and charm

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Rococo

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A late 18th century artistic movement that emerged in France. It sought to recapture the dignity and simplicity of the classical style of ancient Greece and Rome

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Neoclassicism

Front 24

the literary and artistic culture of the educated and wealthy ruling class

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High Culture

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as opposed to high culture, the unofficial written and unwritten culture of the masses, much of which was traditionally passed down orally and centered on public and group activities such as festivals. In the modern age, the term refers to the entertainment, recreation, and pleasures that people purchase as part of the mass consumer society

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popular culture

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organized massacres of Jews

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pogroms

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a movement that arose in Germany in the 17th century whose goal was to foster a personal experience experience of God as the focus of true religious experience

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Pietism

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(1473-1543)
-completed book On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres
-studied contradictions of the geocentric idea of the universe
-came up with the heliocentric idea of universe
-felt that the Ptolemaic system was too complicated
-but system almost as complicated as the Ptolemaic system
-created uncertainty about God's location of the universe and human's role within universe

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Nicolaus Copernicus

Front 29

(1546-1601)
-Danish nobleman
-built Uraniborg Castle--library, observatories, instruments to study the stars
-compiled a detailed record of observations of the positions and movements of the stars and planets
-took on Kepler as an assistant
-rejected the Aristotle-Ptolemaic ideas of the geocentric universe but also rejected Copernicus' idea that the earth actually moved

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Tycho Brahe

Front 30

(1571-1630)
-avid astrologer who possessed a keen interest in Hermetic mathematical magic
-theory that the universe was constructed on the basis of geometric figures
-published laws of planetary motion
-rejected Copernicus and showed that the planets moved in an elliptical path around the sun
-three laws effectively eliminated the idea of uniform circular motion as well as the idea of crystalline spheres revolving in circular orbits
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Johannes Kepler

Front 31

(1564-1642)
-first European to observe heavens through a telescope--inaugurating a new age in astronomy
-discovered mountains and on the moon, phases of Venus, sunspots, etc. all by his telescope
-observations published in the Starry Messenger
-suspect by the Catholic Church
-a firm proponent of the heliocentric system which the Catholic Church condemned
-published after being condemned to believe the Copernican system as only a mathematical supposition Dialogue in the Two Chief World System: Ptolemaic and Copernican
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Galileo Galilei

Front 32

-born in Woolesthorpe, England
-invented calculus
-law of universal gravitation
-wrote Principia
-buried in Westminster Abbey
-with a single law of universal gravitation, able to explain all motion in the universe
-put together a new coherent synthesis for a new cosmology
-three laws of motion
-world began to be viewed in mechanistic terms

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Isaac Newton

Front 33

(1493-1541)
-born in Zurich
-appointed city physician and professor of medicine
-proved short-lived to his vanity and quick-temper
-not easy to get along with
-forced to wander from one town to another until his death
-hoped to replace the traditional system with a new chemical philosophy that was based on the understanding of nature derived from fresh observation and experiment
-a human being was a small replica of the larger world
-chemical remedies
-careful dosage of chemicals for treatment of disease
-a father of modern medicine

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Paracelsus

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(1514-1564)
-practical research as the principal avenue in understanding the human anatomy
-published in 1543 On the Fabric of the Human Body
-personally dissected a body to illustrate what he was discussing

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Vesalius

Front 35

(1578-1657)
-book On the Motion of the Heart and Blood
-demonstrated that the heart and not the liver was the beginning point of the circulation of blood in the body, that the same blood flows in veins and arteries, and most important that the blood makes a complete circuit as it passes through the body
-laid the foundation for modern physiology

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William Harvey

Front 36

(1627-1691)
one of the scientist to conduct controlled experiments
-properties of gases led to Boyle's law
-matter is composed of atoms

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Robert Boyle

Front 37

(1743-1794)
-invented a system of naming the chemical elements
-founder of modern chemistry

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Antoine Lavoisier

Front 38

(1623-1673)
-participant of the crucial scientific debates of her time
-excluded from membership in the Royal Society
-wrote Observations upon Experimental Philosophy
-and Grounds of Natural Philosophy

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Margaret Cavendish

Front 39

(1647-1717)
-established herself as an important entomologist
-learned the art of illustration from her father's workshop
-exact observations of insects and plants
-traveled to South America to select samples and drew pictures of the insects
-scientific work----Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam

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Maria Merian

Front 40

(1670-1720)
-most famous female astronomer in Germany
-married Gottfried Kirch

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Maria Winkelmann

Front 41

(1596-1650)
-reflecting the doubt and uncertainty that seemed pervasive in the confusion of the 17th century and ended with a philosophy that dominated Western though until the 20th century
-perceived in one night a new rational-mathematical system
-wrote Discourse on Method
-separation of mind and matter __________ dualism
-allowed scientists to view matter as dead or inert
-father of modern rationalism
-changed Westerners' view of themselves

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Rene Descartes

Front 42

(1561-1626)
-a lawyer and lord chancellor
-unfinished work called The Great Instauration
-came up with the correct scientific method built on inductive principles
-from particular to the general
-more for practical than for pure science

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Francis Bacon

Front 43

(1632-1677)
-philosopher who grew up in Amsterdam
-believed that God was not simply the creator of the universe----God was the universe
-wrote Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner
-believed that all that is in God, and nothing can be apart from God

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Benedicte de Spinoza

Front 44

(1623-1662)
-French scientist who sought to keep science and religion united
-published his notes in Pensees after his death
-after exceeding in mathematics, he devoted his life to religious matters
-made passionate argument on behalf of the Christian religion
-failed to achieve his goal
-more and more of the intellectual, social, and political elites began to act on the basis of secular rather than religious assumptions

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Blaise Pascal

Front 45

(1657-1757)
-secretary of the French Royal Academy of Science from 1691 to 1741
-possessed scientific work before his time
-communicated scientific knowledge
-Plurality of Worlds--science became apart of it
-contributed to growing skepticism toward religion
-able to communicate previous scientific knowledge in a clear easy-to-understand fashion

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Bernard de Fontenelle

Front 46

(1647-1706)
-secularized science
-Protestant while becoming a leading critic of traditional religious values
-attacked traditional religious attitudes, superstition, religious in-toleration, dogmatism
-wrote Historical and Critical Dictionary

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Pierre Bayle

Front 47

-wrote Travels
-discovered Tahiti, New Zealand, Australia

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James Cook

Front 48

(1689-1755)
-French nobility----classical education then law
-wrote Persian Letters--criticized French institution
-also wrote Spirit of the Laws---comparative study of government (republic, monarchs, depotism)
-marked importance of checks and balances
-principles incorporated into the US Constitution later on

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Montesquieu

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(1694-1778)
-classical education then Jesuit schools
-playwright at first
-criticized many of the ills oppressing France (royal absolutism and lack of religious toleration) and looked to England as an example

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Voltaire

Front 50

(1713-1784)
-a freelance writer from eastern France
-Christianity was favorite topic (worst religion according to ____)
-argued for materialistic conception of life
-wrote Encyclopedia----became weapon of the philosophes' crusade against the old French society
-ideas of Enlightenment spread even further

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Diderot

Front 51

-Scottish philosopher--"pioneering social scientist"
-Treatise on Human Nature---on knowledge of human nature

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David Hume

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(1694-1774)
-leader of the Physiocrats (founder of modern discipline of economics)
-highly successful French physician
-rejected the emphasis on gold and silver
-believed in natural forces of supply and demand

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Francois Quesnay

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(1723-1790)
-Scottish philosopher who wrote Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (The Wealth of Nations)
-presented attack on mercantilism
-believed in laissez-faire
-free trade was fundamental
-state should stay out of lives of individuals
-laid the foundation for economic liberalism

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Adam Smith

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(1723-1789)
-wealthy German aristocrat who settled in Paris, preached a doctrine of strict atheism and materialism
-wrote System of Nature
-argued that everything that everything in the universe consisted of things in motion
-shocked his fellow philosophes because of his uncompromising optimism

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Baron Paul d'Holbach

Front 55

(1743-1794)
-French philosophe who made an exaggerated claim for progress
-wrote The Progress of the Human Mind
-humans had progressed through nine stages of history---and the last stage--which he believed they were living in--was the tenth stage of perfection

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Marie-Jean de Condorcet

Front 56

(1712-1778)
-born in Geneva
-spent youth wandering around France and Italy working various jobs
-wrote Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind
-began with humans in their primitive condition
-government was an evil, but a necessary one
-wrote the Social Contract which was an agreement on the part of an entire society to be governed by its general will----what was best for all was best for the individual
-true freedom is adherence to laws that one has imposed on oneself
-also wrote Emile--one of the Enlightenment's most important works on education claiming that education should foster children's natural instincts rather than restrict their human tendencies

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Front 57

(1666-1731)
-daughter of a wealthy coal merchant
-argued in her book A Serious Proposal to the Ladies that women needed to become better educated

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Mary Astell

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(1759-1797)
-made the strongest statement for women's rights
-founder of European feminism
-wrote Vindication of the Rights of Woman
-pointed out two contradictions in the views of women held by such Enlightenment thinkers

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Mary Wollstonecraft

Front 59

-composer
-The Seasons
-The Creation

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Hadyn

Front 60

-architect who designed the church of the Fourteen Saints and the Bishop's Palace

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Balthasar Neumann

Front 61

French painter who was one of the most famous Neoclassical artists of the late eighteenth century
Work-----Oath of the Horatii
-emphasis on patriotic duty

Back 61

Jacques-Louis David

Front 62

-composer born in Germany
-Fireworks Music
-Messiah

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Handel

Front 63

-composer who was a child prodigy
-work
-The Marriage of Figaro
-The Magic Flute
-Don Giovanni

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Mozart

Front 64

-writer
-first novel----Pamela: or, Virtue Rewarded
-heavy on sentiment

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Samuel Richardson

Front 65

-another writer during the eighteenth century who wrote novels like The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling
-about people with scruples who survived by their wits
-more action than feeling

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Henry Fielding

Front 66

Italian philosophe who wrote On Crime and Punishment
-argued that punishments should serve only as deterrents, not as exercises of brutality
-opposed to the use of capital punishment
-imprisonment made for a more long lasting impression

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Cesare Beccaria

Front 67

(1700-1760)
-leader of the Pietists
-wished their religion to be more personal with God

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Count Nickolaus von Zinzendorf

Front 68

(1703-1791)
-ordained Anglican minister who founded Methodism

Back 68

John Wesley