A&p Chapter 13 Central Nervous System

Front 1

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Back 1

Brain, Spinal Cord

Front 2

Brain (4)

Back 2

1) Cerebrum
2) Diencephalon
3) Brain stem
4) Cerebellum

Front 3

Spinal Cord

Back 3

Creates rapid reactions (reflexes)

Pathway for sensory nerve impulses to brian, motor nerve impulses from brain

Front 4

Meninges

Back 4

3 Connective tissue membranes
- Covers + protects CNS
- Contains CSF

Front 5

Meninges:
Dura Mater

Back 5

Consists of outer periosteum + deep meningeal layer

Has dural sinuses + dural septa

Front 6

Dura Mater:
Dural Sinuses

Back 6

Collect blood to return to venous system

Front 7

Dura Mater:
Dural Septa

Back 7

Extends inward to anchor the brain, limiting its movement

1) Falx cerebri (cerebral hemisphere)
2)Falx cerebelli (cerebellum)
3)Tentorium (cerebellum)

Front 8

Meninges:
Arachnoid

Back 8

Subarachnoid space - has CSF filled with blood vessels

Arachnoid villi - removes excess CSF from skull

Front 9

Meninges:
Pia Mater

Back 9

Pia = delicate

Closely adheres to brian, supports many tiny blood vessels.

Front 10

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Back 10

1) Gives buoyancy to brain
2) Protects brain + spinal cord from impact damage
3) Delivery medium for nutrients + chemical signals

Front 11

Ventricle

Back 11

4 Cavities filled with CSF
- Paired lateral ventricle
- Third ventricle
- Fourth ventricle

Front 12

Ventricle:
Choroid plexuses

Back 12

Secretes CSF along the walls of the ventricles

Front 13

Ventricle:
Paired lateral ventricle

Back 13

Lie deep within cerebral hemisphere

Seperated by septum pellucidum

Front 14

Ventricle:
Third ventricle

Back 14

Lie within the diencephalon

Communicates with lateral ventricles by two interventricular foramina

Front 15

Ventricle:
Fourth ventricle

Back 15

Lie in the hindbrain

Communicates with brain + spinal cord

Front 16

Cerebrum

Back 16

(Thinking)
1) Interprets sensory impulses
2) Voluntary muscular movement
3) Emotional and intellectual processing

Cerebral Cortex

Front 17

Cerebrum:
Cerebral cortex

Back 17

Gray matter on outside

Recieves and combines incoming + outgoing information

White matter on inside

Front 18

Cerebrum:
(4) Lobes

Back 18

Frontal, parietal, temporal + occipital

Front 19

Gyri

Back 19

Bumps or ridges

Front 20

Sulci

Back 20

Grooves

Front 21

Fissures

Back 21

Deep sulci (grooves)

Front 22

Sensory Area

Back 22

Receive sensory impulses

Posterior half of both hemisphere

Directly connects with peripheral sensory receptors

Front 23

Motor Area

Back 23

Initiates movement

Front 24

Association Areas

Back 24

Complex functions, fine control

Front 25

Sensory Area:
Primary somatosensory area

Back 25

Recieves impulses for touch + spacial orientation

Front 26

Sensory Area:
Primary visual area

Back 26

Recieves impulses for vision

Eye to thalamus to primary visual area (shape, color, movement of object)

Front 27

Sensory Area:
Primary auditory area

Back 27

Recieves impulses for basic characteristics of sound

Front 28

Sensory Area:
Primary gustatory area

Back 28

(Not visible)
Recieves impulses for taste

Front 29

Sensory Area:
Primary olfactory area

Back 29

(Not visible)
Recieves impulses for smell

Front 30

Primary motor area

Back 30

Concerned with voluntary muscle control

Front 31

What is an EEG?

Back 31

Electroencephalogram

Provides record of brain waves when brain cells generate considerable elecrical activity as a result of nerve cell transmission

Front 32

What are alpha waves?

Back 32

Present in people who are awake, relaxed.

10-12 cycles/sec

Front 33

Whare are beta waves?

Back 33

Present during mental activity or with visual stimuli

13-25 cycles/sec

Front 34

What are theta waves?

Back 34

Normally found in infants. Sign of distress in adults.

5-8 cycles/sec

Front 35

What are deta waves?

Back 35

Found in infants, sleeping adults. In conscious adults, it's a sign of brain damage.

1-5 cycles/sec

Front 36

Association Area:
Somatosensory association area

Back 36

1) Interprets sensations
2) Determines shape + texture without looking at it.
3) Determines orientation between two objects.
4) Sense body part
5) Stores memory of past experiences to compare with present experiences.

Front 37

Association Area:
Visual association area

Back 37

1) Recieves sensory impulses from primary visual area + thalamus
2) Relates present/past visual experiences.
3) Recognizing/evaluating what is seen

Front 38

Association Area:
Auditory association area

Back 38

Recognition of sound as speech, music, or noise.

Ex. sound of car vs. sound of voice

Front 39

Association Area:
Wernicke's area

Back 39

In left temporal + parietal lobes

1) Interprets meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words
2) translates words to thoughts

Right hemisphere corresponds to Broca's and Wernicke's in the left (communication by adding emotion)

Front 40

Association Area:
Common integrative area

Back 40

1) Integrates sensory interpretations from all sensory association area (sight, smell, sound, etc. come together)
2) Forms thoughts

Front 41

Association Area:
Premotor area

Back 41

Anterior to primary motor area

1) Controls learned skills
2) Causes muscles to contract in specific sequence
3) Memory bank for patterns of movement

Front 42

Hemispheric Lateralization

Back 42

Appears 30 weeks in fetal development

Left Hemisphere recieves somatic sensory signals from controls muscles on right side of body

Right hemisphere recieves+ controls left

Motor loss causes opposite damage on other side of body

Front 43

Right Hemisphere

Back 43

Analytical
- Reasoning
- Numerical
- Scientific
- Language

Front 44

Left Hemisphere

Back 44

Creativity
- Music
- Art
- Spacial/Pattern perception
- Emotion
- General mental images

Front 45

Diencephalon (3)

Back 45

Extends from brain stem to cerebrum

Surrounds third ventricle

1) Thalamus
2) Hypothalamus
3) Pineal gland

Front 46

Diencephalon:
Thalamus

Back 46

Relays/Processes sensory + motor information

With other parts of brain helps regulate
- general health + maintenance
- emotions
- maintains consciousness
- cognition (thinking + knowing)

Damage - dimentia, numbness, cause coma

Front 47

Diencephalon:
Hypothalamus

Back 47

Small part of diencephalon, inferior to thalamus

1) Controls autonomic NS (involuntary)
2) Controls pituitary
3) Regulates emotion, behavior, thirst, hunger
4) Thermoregulation
5) Reproductive rhythms in females

Small amount of hypothalamus hormone in male reproductive system

Females work as a clock, ovulating once a month.

Front 48

Diencephalon:
Pineal Gland

Back 48

Size of pea

Part of endocrine system

Secrets melatonin
- Promotes sleepiness
- Body's biological clock

Front 49

Midbrain

Back 49

Conducts nerve impulses from cerebrum to spinal cord, medulla + pons

1) Superior colliculi
2) Inferior colliculi

Front 50

Midbrain:
Superior colliculi

Back 50

Reflex center for visual activities

Front 51

Midbrain:
Inferior colliculi

Back 51

Reflex center for some reactions to auditory stimuli

Doesn't involve conscience brain

Front 52

Pons

Back 52

1) Connects left and right cerebellum
2) Voluntary movements from cerebral cortex to cerebellum
3) Helps control breathing (pneumotaxic area, apneustic area)

Front 53

Pons:
Pneumotaxic area

Back 53

Speeds up breathing based on C02 in blood stream

Front 54

Pons:
Apneustic area

Back 54

Responds to stretch receptors of lungs. Guards lungs from over filling with air.

Front 55

Medulla Oblongata

Back 55

Inferior part of brain stem

Continuation of spinal cord

Sensory + motor tracts connects brain + spinal cord

1) Pyramids
- Somatic motor tracts (caisamor cross)
- 90% of left pass to right + right to left
2) Cardiovascular + medullary rhythmicity areas (controls breathing)

Quick death if damaged

Front 56

Brain Injury:
Cerebrovascular accidents (strokes)

Back 56

When circulation in brain is interrupted + brain tissue dies

Causes: 1) blood clot (thrombus) 2) hemorrhage

Damage depends on injury; motor loss common, hemorrhagic strokes is 80% fatal

Front 57

Thrombus

Back 57

Blood clot

Front 58

Hemorrhage

Back 58

Walls of artery develop soft spots (like bulges)

Front 59

Degenerative Brain Disease:
Dimentia

Back 59

Exhibits cognitive defects.

Early onset of Alzheimers

Strictly genetic - caused by dominant allele (50% chance)

No cure, No treatment

Front 60

Degenerative Brain Disease:
Alzheimer's

Back 60

Symptom: widespread cognitive defects, disorientation, memory loss, hallucination

Deficit of Ach in cerebral cortex

Often associated with defect in gene (APO-E4) helps make apolipoprotein E, which helps to process cholesterol.

Front 61

Degenerative Brain Disease:
Huntington's disease

Back 61

Hereditary disorder, caused by DOMINANT allele

Leads to massive degeneration of motor cortex

Uncontrollable, abrupt movements of muscle, dementia

Related to impariment of enzyme GADPH in glycolysis

Appears at 30-40 years of age, fatal within 20 years onset

Doesn't show up until people have kids

Front 62

External Spinal Cord

Back 62

Larger in cervical + lumbar enlargments

Smallets at inferior tip from medulla oblongata to L2

Front 63

External Spinal Cord:
Filum terminale

Back 63

Extension of pia mater, anchors spinal cord to coccyx

Front 64

External Spinal Cord:
Cauda Equina

Back 64

(Horse tail)

Series of nerves that enter spinal cord

Front 65

Internal Spinal Cord:
White + Gray matter

Back 65

White matter surrounds gray matter

H = Dorsal(back)/Ventral(belly) Horn

Central Canal continuous of 4th ventricle

Anterior = visceral motor, somatic motor

Posterior = visceral sensory, somatic sensory

W = vertical tracts to + from brain
G = horizontal tracts between somatic + visceral spinal reflexes

Front 66

Spinal Cord:
Anesthesia

Back 66

Blocks spinal nerve

Injection in epidural space - lower lumbar + caudal regions

Injection in subarachnoid gives widespread effects, too high deactives phrenic nerve (respiratory paralysis)

Front 67

Spinal Cord Disorders:
Shingles

Back 67

Herpesvirus infection, attacks nerve endings

Painful rash/blistering develops in areas of affected nerves

Virus remains in spinal cord for life

Health immune system = no outbreaks

Front 68

Spinal Cord Disorders:
Meningitis

Back 68

Infection of meninges

Viral or bacterial (can come after pneumonia, TB, strep, ear infection)

Symptoms include headache, fever, heart/breathing problems or coma.

Bacterial = treatable with antibiotics

Front 69

Spinal Cord Damage

Back 69

Caused by trauma, where the cord is transectected

1) Paraplgeia
2) Quadriplegia
3) Hemiplegia

Front 70

Spinal Cord Damage:
Paraplegia

Back 70

Damage is between vertebrae T1 and L1

Results in loss of lower limb

Front 71

Spinal Cord Damage:
Quadriplegia

Back 71

Cervical region is damaged

Front 72

Spinal Cord Damage:
Hemiplegias

Back 72

Loss of function on 1 side.

Usually brain damage

Front 73

Headaches

Back 73

Extracrania

Can be related to infections of sinuses, eyes, ears, fatigue, intracranial.

Can be due to dilated blood vessels putting pressure on brain, infections, tumors.

Front 74

Cerebral palsy

Back 74

Motor disorder, characterized by paresis (partial paralysis) due to oxtgen deprivation