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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Endocrine glands are organs that produce what? |
hormones
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Endocrine glands lacks what?
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ducts, secretes hormones into blood stream
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what is hormone?
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chemical messenger that causes change in the activity of one or more target organs
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what are target organs?
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organ that responsds to a hormone
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control of hormone release
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blood levels of hormones
Endocrine glands stimulated to synthesize and release hormones in response to humoral stimuli (through fluids) neural stimuli and hormonal stimuli |
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another name for pituitary gland?
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hypophysis
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posterior pituitary gland neurohypophysis (location and effects of hormones)
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located in neural (nervous) tissue (base of brain), oxytocin- contractions during childbirth/ milk production
ADH- (antidiurectic hormone) major hormone of fluid regulation (keeps water) |
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anterior pituitary gland, adenohypophysis (location and effects of hormones)
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Glandular tissue (base of brain)
LH and FSH regulate gamete production/ ovulation ACTH (adrenocarticotropic) regulates adrenal cortex TSH thyroid hormone- controls thyroid PRL prolacrin breast development and lactation |
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ADH is inhibited by?
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alcohol, diuretics
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thyroid gland
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in throat
T4 and T3 controls metabolism calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels |
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Parathyroid gland
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behind thyroid gland
Parathyroid hormone- main hormone for calcium regulation Also simulates kidney to convert vitamin D to vitamin A |
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thymus gland
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located posterior to sternum in thorax
thymulin, thymosin, thymopoietins, all involved in immune response and T lymphocyte development |
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adrenal glands aka suprarenal glands location
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one on top of each kidney
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adrenal medulla controlled by what?
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sympathetic nervous system produces, adrenaline, epinephrine and norepinephrine which aid in fight or flight response (reacts to stress)
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adrenal cortex produces? (look in papers again)
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corticosteroids (three types) excess production leads to hirsutism abnormal hairiness and musculinization
aldosterone- helps control blood pressure, maintains right balance of blood and water Cortisol regulates metabolism, helps body react to stress |
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Pancreas (location and hormones)
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located in upper abdomen
produces insulin and glucagon to control blood sugar levels insulin lowers blood sugar (deficiency leads to diabetes) glucagon increases blood sugar by stimulating liver to convert glycogen to glucose |
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gonads (ovaries) hormones and location
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almond size organ in pelvic cavity
produces estrogen and progesterone |
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gonads (testes)
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suspended in scrotum outside pelvic cavity
testosterone responsible for sex drive and libido |
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sympathetic produces
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fight or flight response
mobilizes body during activity |
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parasympathetic
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resting and digesting (non stressful)
promotes maintenance activities and conserves body energy |
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Autonomic nervous system (ans) is
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involuntary or general visceral motor system
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somatic nervous system is
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voluntary
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sympathetic pass through what
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trunk ganglion and emerge without synapsing (only in abdomen and pelvis) T1-L2
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what is a portal system?
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two capillary plexuses (beds) connected by veins
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pineal gland
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located between two hemisphere
melatonin (makes you drowsy) |
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What are the parts of the middle ear |
Epitympanic recess- superior portion of middle ear Mastoid antrum- canals of communication with mastoid air cells Pharyngotymanic auditory lobe- connects middle ear to nasopharynx (equalizes air) |
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What is accomadation? |
changing lens shape to increase refraction (distance to close) |
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What is the pathway of light when entering the eye? |
cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, entire neural layer of retina, photoreceptors |
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Emmetropic is |
Normal eye (focus) |
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What is convergence? |
medial rotation of eyeballs toward subject being viewed |
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Myopia is? |
nersightedness |
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Hyperopia is? |
farsightedness |
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Astigmatism is? |
unequal curvature of different parts of cornea or lens |
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What usually causes night blindness?
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Vitamin A dificiency
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Fibers from thalamic neurons form what?
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optic radiation of project to primary visual cortex in occipital lobes
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Depth perception requires what? |
input from both eyes |
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What are cones for? (check)
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color, mainly used in bright light
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What are the two photorecptors? |
Cones and rods (95%) |
