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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kinship
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The core of a culture's social organization.
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Descent
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the tracing of kinship relationships back to previous generations (who they came from).
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Forms of Descent
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Unilineal, Patrilineal, Matrilineal
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Unilineal
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descent through one line
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Patrilineal
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male line
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Matrilineal
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female line
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Parallel cousins
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sets of cousins that have parents of the same sex (e.g. kids of father and
kids of father’s brother |
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Cross cousins
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are sets of cousins that have parents of the opposite sex (e.g. kids of father and
kids of father’s sister) |
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Cognatic
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Form of descent in which relationships may be traced through both females and males.
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Large property holding groups often exist in
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unilineal and cognatic systems.
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Bilateral
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Kinship systems in which individuals trace their kinship relations equally through both
parents. |
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Kindred
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all the bilateral relatives of an individual.
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descent group
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a permanent and enduring social unit whose members claim common ancestry.
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lineage
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a descent group who can demonstrate their common descent from an apical ancestor (recite
their genealogy). |
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clan
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a descent group who claims common descent from an apical ancestor but cannot demonstrate
it (stipulated descent). |
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totem
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When a clan’s apical ancestor is nonhuman
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60% of foraging societies are
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bilateral or cognatic
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3/4s of pastoral societies have
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patrilineal descent
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60% of matrilineal cultures are
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horticulturalist
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Kinship calculation
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is any systemic method for determining kin relations. (who's related to who)
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Kin terms
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are the labeled categories given in a particular culture to different kinds of relatives
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kinship terminology
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The ways people classify their relatives into kin term categories
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Kinship terminologies are constructed using several criteria. The three most important are:
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−Gender of referent (e.g. uncle, aunt)
−Generation (e.g. grandfather, granddaughter) −Side of the family |
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Varieties of Kinship Terminology Founder
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Developed by Lewis Henry Morgan in 1871, the varieties are named after the first people he
discovered using each system |
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The Varieties of Kinship Terminology
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−Eskimo
−Hawaiian −Iroquois −Omaha −Crow |
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Eskimo System
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−Mother - Ego's biological mother.
−Father - Ego's biological father. −Aunt - father's sister and mother's sister. −Uncle - father's brother and mother's brother. −Brother/Sister - children of mother and father, ego’s siblings. −Cousin - children of aunt/uncle (no gender distinction). |
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Hawaiian System
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Simplest system, uses the fewest terms.
−Mother - extended to ego's mother's sister and father's sister. −Father - extended to ego's mother's brother and father's brother. −Brother and sister - ego's generation. |
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Iroquois System
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−Father - includes father's brother.
−Mother - includes mother's sister. −Uncle - used only for mother's brother. −Aunt - used only for father's sister. −Brother and sister – ego’s siblings. Also extended to children of father's brother and mother's sister. −Cousins - children of father's sister (aunt) and mother's brother (uncle) |
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Omaha System
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PATRILINEAL
−Father - includes father's brother −Mother - includes mother's sister −Uncle - used for mother's brother −Aunt - used for father's sister. −Matrilineal cross cousins are called mother and mother's brother −Patrilineal cross cousins are called son or daughter if ego is a female, and niece and nephew if ego is a male. |
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Crow System
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-Father's sisters' children are called father and father's sister, or aunt.
-Mother's brothers’ children are called son or daughter (ego is male) and niece or nephew (if ego is female.) |
