Anth 1001 Midterm 1

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altruistic behaviors

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behaviors that benefit others but at a personal cost

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kin selection

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based on the idea that selection could favor altruistic alleles if animals interacted selectively with their genetic relatives

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Hamilton's rule

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predicts that altruistic behaviors will be favored by the selection if the costs of performing the behavior are less than the benefits discounted by the coefficient of relatedness between actor and recipient

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coefficient of relatedness (r)

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measures the genetic relationship between interacting individuals

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phenotypic matching

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organisms are able to recognize their kin by their smell or likeness to themselves

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grooming

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important role in the lives of most gregarious primates

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affiliative

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friendly

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coalitions

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when several individuals jointly attack another individual or one individual comes to the support of another individual involved in an ongoing dispute

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alliances

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synonym for coalitions

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matrilineage

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maternal kin group

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chimeras

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organisms that carry more than one genetically distinct population of cells derived from more than one zygote

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chorion

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the membrane that surrounds the embryo in the uterus

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parent-offspring conflict

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where mothers are equally related to all of their offspring (r = 0.5), but offspring are more closely related to themselves (r = 1.0) than to their siblings (r = 0.5 or 0.25)

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reciprocal altruism

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idea that altruism among individuals can evolve if altruistic behavior is balanced between partners over time

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transposable elements

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copies of DNA segments from one part of a genome that have been inserted somewhere else

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synonymous substitutions

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where some nucleotide substitutions do not produce any change in the amino acid sequence of the protein that results from the gene

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nonsynonymous substitutions

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alter the amino acid sequence of proteins

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positively selected

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genes that are selected positively

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neoteny

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delayed maturation

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negative selection

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selected that favored the observed stable sequence over mutants that arose

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genetic variation

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refers to the differences between individuals that are caused by the genes that they inherited from their parents

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variation within groups

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refers to differences between individuals within a given group of people

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variation among groups

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refers to differences between entire groups of people

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specific language impairment (SLI)

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a language disorder

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selection-mutation balance

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where mutation will introduce enough new mutants to maintain a constant frequency of the gene

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falciparum malaria

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a dangerous form of malaria that people with sickle-cell anemia are partially protected against

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balanced polymorphism

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a steady state in which both alleles persist in the population

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non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDD)

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a form of diabetes

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insulin

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a protein that controls the uptake of blood sugar by cells

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lactose

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a sugar found in mammalian milk

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lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LHP)

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synthesis of this enzyme ends after weaning

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lactase persistence

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able to digest lactose as an adult

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LCT

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the structural gene that codes to LHP, a single mutation of which causes lactase persistence

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pastoralists

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people who keep livestock and do not farm

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selective sweep

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occurs when a beneficial mutation arises and then both the mutation and DNA linked to the mutation on the same chromosome spread through the population

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haplotydes

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sequences at adjacent loci on a chromosome that are inherited together

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single nucleotide polymorphisms

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a location in the DNA sequence where individuals differ by a single base

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founder effect

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genetic drift caused by the expansion of a small founding population

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porphyria variegata

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suffers of this disease develop a severe reaction to certain anethetics

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Oceania

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the Pacific island groups of Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia

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heritability

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the measure that computes the proportion of variation due to the effect of genes

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environmental covariation

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similarity between the environments of parents and their offspring

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monozygotic twins

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begin life when the union of a sperm and egg produces a single zygote, then, early in development, this embryo divided to form two separate, genetically identical individuals

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dizygotic twins

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begin life when two different eggs are fertilized by two different sperm to form two independent zygotes

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genomewide association studies

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examine the genetic basic of complex characteristics