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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 main parts of the cardiovascular system? |
Heart Blood Blood vessels
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Function of blood |
**nourishes cells and takes away waste** *exchanges materials to/from organs * |
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Function of the heart |
pumps the blood to all parts of the body |
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Function of Blood Vessels |
route of transport to/from the heart and the rest of the body |
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Components of blood |
blood vessels red blood cells white blood cells platelets plasma |
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What separates blood? |
Centrifugation |
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Plasma |
Liquid part of the blood containing nutrients |
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White blood cells |
involved in immunity |
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platelets |
involved in blood clotting |
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Red Blood Cells |
carry oxygen |
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Break in capillary wall means... |
Blood vessels are injured, clots will go to blood vessel |
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Hematocrit |
measure how much space RBCs take up |
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Hemoglobin amount |
an iron-rich protein in RBCs; oxygen carrying capacity |
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Complete Blood Count |
Number of RBCs, WBCs, platelets Abnormalities in blood cell shapes, size, color or appearance |
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Low Red Blood Cells= |
Anemia – Lowhemoglobin,low oxygen |
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High RBC= |
polycythemia – Highhemoglobin,high oxygen – More viscous blood makes it harder for heart to pump |
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Contain Hemoglobin |
the molecule that carries oxygen The iron in hemoglobin binds with oxygen Iron gives RBC red color |
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High White Blood Cell Count |
• Viral/bacteria l infection Severe allergy Severe stress Corticosteroi d medications |
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Low White Blood Cell Count |
Long term illness Medications (antibiotics) Autoimmune disorders Malnutrition Parasitic infection |
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Agglutination or clumping indicates... |
indicates blood type |
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Heart |
• Cone-shaped structure |
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Myocardium |
cardiac muscle layer • Involuntary, striated muscle |
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Function of the heart |
Pump oxygen rich blood to the body and oxygen poor blood to the lungs |
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Right heart pumps... |
deoxygenated blood from the body into the lungs |
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Left heart pumps... |
oxygenated blood from lungs to the body |
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-Heart has neurons that...
-Sinoatrial node... |
contract the cardiac muscle Sinoatrial Node = pacemaker that establishes rhythm • Autonomous,but can be influenced by hormones the ANS |
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The Cardiac Cycle: |
the electrical changes cause contraction/relaxation of myocardium |
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1-Diastole 2-Systole |
1-period of time when the heart refills with blood
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What measures electrical conduction? |
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) |
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Measuring heart rhythms: |
Stethoscope |
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Two main sounds 1- S1 "Lub"- 2-S1 "Dub"- |
Lub-sound corresponds to mitral and tricuspid valve closure (Beginning of systole) Dub-sound corresponds to the aortic and pulmonary valve closure (end of systole/ beginning of diastole) |
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Taking the pulse of an animal:
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• Femoral artery – high on the inner side of the thigh • Facial (mandibular) artery – located under the jaw |
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Listen to heart sounds |
• Stethoscope placement over apex of left heart for mitral valve closure during S1 or “lub” • Placement over apex of right heart for tricuspid valve |
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Pulse deficit |
Listen to the heart sounds at the same time as feeling pulse in femoral artery |
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ECG measures |
Atrial depolorization |
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Arteries |
– Carry blood from heart to body parts – Carry oxygenated blood, except pulmonary artery – Thick elastic walls – Highpressure |
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Veins |
– Carry blood from body to heart – Carry deoxygenated blood from the body, except pulmonary veing – Thin non-elasticwalls – Valves – Low pressure |
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Capillaries |
exchange of ions, nutrients, gases with tissues |
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Edema |
excessive accumulation of fluid in tissues |
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Atherosclerosis |
deposition of fatty plaques in the vessel wall |
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What is blood pressure?
What can affect it? |
Pressure exerted by blood upon the walls of the blood vessels Resistance, lumen size, blood viscosity can change pressure |
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• Dogs = 140/75mm Hg • Cats = 180/100mm Hg • Horses 110/70mm Hg |
• Dogs = 140/75mm Hg • Cats = 180/100mm Hg • Horses 110/70mm Hg |
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me sure blood pressure |
Indirect blood pressure cuff placement: limb or tail |
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Measuring blood pressure in cats |
• the cuff should be placed over the median artery of the forelimb between the elbow and carpus |
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Measuring blood pressure in dogs |
1) Front leg over the metacarpal area 2) over the anterior tibial artery just below the hock or the metatarsal area 3) Tail at coccygeal artery |
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How do we maintain blood pressure? |
Baroreceptors Sensors (mechanoreceptor sensory neurons) located in the blood vessels Increase in blood pressure – increases action potentials – signals to the CNS through the ANS Can influence the cardiac output and peripheral resistance |
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Pulse Points |
2- The back edge of the lower jaw - facial artery. |
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pulse points in cattle |
Facial artery Digital artery Radial artery Caudal auricular (ear) artery |
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pulse points in swine |
Caudal auricular (ear) artery Median artery Femoral artery |
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pulse points in dogs and cats |
Femoral artery Digital artery Coccygeal artery |
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Blood sampling occurs in |
Jugular vein cephalic vein sephenous vein coccygeal |
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What are the biggest arty and veins? |
aorta and vena cave |
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Heartworms |
-chronic or soft coughing -shortwinded/ difficulty breathing -congestive heart failure |
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Altitude Sickness |
Caused by a decreased availability of O2 The amount of oxygen is the same, but the air density (atmospheric pressure) drops with altitude increases The O2 shortage causes increased resistance to blood flow in the arteries of the lungs The heart compensates for higher resistance by stretching and building up a higher pressure |
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Pulmonary hypertension or pulmonary arterial pressures |
Force the right side of the heart to work harder and pump blood to the lungs. The right chamber may enlarge as they struggle to function, and blood is often forced backward through tricuspid valve |
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Brisket disease |
A fine tube is passed through a needle in the jugular vein Follow the jugular blood vessel caudal to vena cava and into the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve, right ventricle and into the pulmonary trunk Measure pressure waves in the pulmonary artery Cattlemen can identify animals with high pulmonary arterial pressure (high risk for brisket disease) Move to lower elevation and only use bulls with low pressures |
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Respriation |
the transport of oxygen from the outside air to cells and carbon dioxide in the opposite direction |
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5 steps of respiration |
1- Pulmonary ventilation |
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Ventilation |
The movement of air between the environment and the lungs via inhalation and exhalation (breath, respire) |
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Cellular Respiration creates energy for our cells |
Oxygen is needed and carbon dioxide is a waste product |
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Internalized lungs for gas exchange |
increased surface area and moist |
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Functions of the respiratory system |
O2 and CO2 exchange Control pH Filters, warms, moistens • Elimination of water and heat in air |
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Upper Respiratory System Structures & Functions |
• Nose • Pharynx • Associated structures – Sinuses |
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Lower Respiratory System Structures and Functions |
Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli Lungs |
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Conducting zone |
series of tubes that outside and in the lungs that moves the air from outside of the body to the respiratory portion – Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles |
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Respiratory zone |
site of gas exchange between air and blood – Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli |
