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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which livestock species consume the lowest amount of human edible feedstuffs?
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Cattle and sheep
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Comparing plant and animal sources for human food which of the following is true?
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Animal Products have high quality protein
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One of the great benefits of livestock production systems is that they convert feedstuffs that are not useable by humans. What is the component in livestock diets that cannot be used by humans?
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All of the above (Cellulose, grass and forage)
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Scheduling calving in beef cattle is usually dependent on:
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Pasture
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How does feeding of beef cattle change from pasture to the feed lot?
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Decrease roughage; increase concentrates
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What is the purpose of dehorning cattle?
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Safety to rancher and other cattle
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Natural weaning for beef calves usually occurs about:
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7 months
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The primary reason for finishing cattle in feedlots is to:
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Provide consumers with higher quality (grade) beef
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Castrating bull calved is done for what purpose?
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To increase quality of meat
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What is the purpose of using creep feed?
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To transition calved from milk to solid food
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What was the purpose of crossing the Bos indicus type cattle into the European breeds
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Improve tolerance to heat
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Which of the following is the primary product in the US that is obtained from goats?
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Mohair
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Ewes are stimulated in to estrus cycling by photoperiod (daylength). What time of year would estrus cycling begin in sheep?
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Fall
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The age at harvest for a typical market lamb is:
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None of the above (Not 6 wks, 3 mos, 12 mos, or 2 yrs)
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The blood system of wool grades is based on the genetics of which sheep breed?
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Merino
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A castrated bull with horns that is over 30 months old is properly called:
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An oxen
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Goats are thought to have been domesticated from what wild species?
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Bozoar goats
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Goats and sheep have different eating habits. What are they?
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Goats browse while sheep graze
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From what region of the world were chickens domesticated?
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Southeast Asia
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Based on farmgate value, which segment of the modern poultry industry generates the largest income?
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Broilers
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During early production of poultry, which segment was the most important?
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Chicken eggs
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Turkeys were domesticated by which civilization of the world?
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Aztecs
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What is vertical integration?
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The production company owns or contracts most or all of the business
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James Dryden was a poultry researcher in the early 20th century at what is now OSU. What important work did he do?
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Used genetic selection to improve egg number.
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Which of the following is correct concerning turkey breeding?
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Breeders use artificial insemination
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Typical poultry diets are mostly comprised of which of the following ingredients?
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Corn and soy
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When comparing a traditional chicken house to a tunnel ventilated house, what is the primary difference?
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Location of the fans in the house
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In the modern poultry industry, what is most often used to determine gender in young chicks?
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The length of certain wing feathers
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If fertile chicken eggs are stored for 21 days before incubating:
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Hatchability declines
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Which of the following advancements in dairy processing reduces the number of bacteria in fluid milk?
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Pasteurization
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In class, information was given to show some of the differences between the dairy industry in the late 1920s and today. Which of the following is an incorrect statement based on the discussion?
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There are more farms today compared to the 1920s
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Based on State rankings of dairy herds, the dairy industry seems to be increasing most in what region of the US?
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West
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A castrated male goat is called a:
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Wether
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Swine were first domesticated from wild pigs found in which region of the world?
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Southeast Asia
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Which of the following is true about the US swine industry?
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All of the Above ( Most pigs are grown on large farms with >5000 produced annually, most swine farms are small <100 produced annually, the number of farms is decreasing)
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Horses are somewhat seasonal. When breeding, what time of the year will give the poorest results?
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Nov-Apr
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Where did the original domestication of the horse occur?
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Central Asia
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In horses, a hand refers to:
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A unit of measure to determine height
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The 1890s through the 1920s in the US was considered the golden age of horses, why?
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The population of horses was highest at that time
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When considering horses, which of the following is not considered a color breed?
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Morgan
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What determines whether a female horse is a filly or a mare?
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Age
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Where did the Indian tribes of the North American West get their horses?
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Feral horses brought from Spain by the Spanish explorers.
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To identify pigs in a litter the producer uses which of the following methods?
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Ear notches
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Boar odor is:
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Off smelling meat from processing intact male hogs
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When breeding pigs, what problem(s) may be encountered if AI is used?
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None of the above (Unknown date of pregnancy, reduced litter size, over breeding)
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What is the let-down reflex in cows?
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A hormonal response cause by washing and drying the udder prior to milking
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The swine and poultry industries use a practice called phase feeding. Which of the following statements most correctly defines phase feeding?
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Animals are fed variable diets at different time during the grow cycle
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Which of the following species that we discussed has the highest normal fecundity?
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Chickens
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Which of the following is not a typical reason that some people prefer non-traditional products?
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They think they are cheaper
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Domestic rabbit breeds came from animals domesticated in what region of the world?
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Europe
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Male accessory sex glands include all but the:
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Vas deferens
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The oviduct functions as:
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All of the above (Ovum capture device, site of fertilization, site of early embryo development)
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What is an ectopic pregnancy?
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A site where embryonic development is not supposed to occur
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Which of the following is a type of uterus that we did not discuss?
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Tricornuate
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What hormone makes the cervix remain closed during pregnancy?
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Progesterone
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The uterus functions for all but:
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Hormone production
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Which of the following is lacking in avian male reproductive anatomy compared to the mammal?
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Prostate gland
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Roughages are:
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Moderate to low in energy and moderate to low in deigestibility
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Dietary carbohydrates must be converted to what for them to be absorbed by monogastrics?
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Monosaccharides
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In the calculation to determine metabolizable energy, which of the following is subtracted from gross energy?
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Feces
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When an amino acid are said to be Non-Essential, the are:
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All of the above (Not needed in the diet, required by the organism for normal function, are synthesized during metabolism)
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When ruminants chew cud, they are actually:
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Making the particle size smaller so microbes can break down the cellulose
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During most of the cell cycle of an intestinal lining cell, the DNA is:
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Uncondensed and active
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Which vitamin was considered the “Animal Manure Factor” before it was discovered as a vitamin?
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Vitamin B12
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Which common vitamin is not required in the diet of livestock?
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Vitamin C
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Animal clones have become a possible but rare method of reproduction in livestock. The method of cloning that we discusses in class is:
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Using the nucleus of a somatic cell to substitute for the sperm cell
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In mammals which parent will determine the sex of its offspring?
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Father
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What cellular process allows for maintaining of the chromosome number in an animal specie from one generation to the next?
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Meiosis
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What is the function of the scrotum?
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Protection of the testis and thermoregulation of the testis
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When alleles of a trait are co-dominant:
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The heterozygous individual expresses both traits
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When the allele of a trait is incompletely dominant:
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The heterozygous individual is intermediate between the recessive and dominant
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Gregor Mendel was the first to understand the science of genetics. Working with pea plants he developed 2 fundamental laws of genetics, what are they?
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Segregation and independent assortment
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William Bateson, working in about 1902, found that Mendel’s laws applied to animals by studying which species?
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Chickens
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Most of the genetic material in livestock is found in what structure?
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Cell nucleus
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What is a gene?
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A section of DNA
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Normal genes have how many copies in each individual?
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2
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Sex-linked genes have how many copies in each heterogametic individual?
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1
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Normally chromosomes are found in:
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Pairs
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The genetic material in a sperm cell is:
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Half the amount found in a stomach lining cell
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Single gene traits are those that:
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Are either obviously present or not
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In the genetic relationship called complete dominance, the offspring that are heterozygous will appear:
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Same as the dominant case
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Chromosomes become visible when:
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Cells are dividing
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Genetic traits are considered quantitative when:
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The traits are variable in the population
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Name a layer that surrounds the oocyte:
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Zona pellucida
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Into how many sections are spermatozoa divided?
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3
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A blastocyst hatches at about:
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10 days
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What does the acid detergent fiber process measure?
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Cellulose and lignin
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What does Kjeldahl measure?
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Crude protein
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You can use the Pearson Square to balance a ration for
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Protein
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Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) is a measure of
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Energy
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When crossing 2 individuals that are both homozygous for a particular allele, that trait will be expressed in:
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All of the offspring from that pair
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Heterosis is a genetic effect that occurs following:
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Crossing different genetic lines
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Chromosome number in animals is determined by:
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None of the above (Amount of DNA in each cell, size of the adult animal, or size of the egg cell from the female)
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When considering essential and non-essential amino acids in monogastric diets, which of the following is true concerning the essential amino acids?
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They are required in the diet
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Which vitamin listed below is considered water soluble?
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Vitamin B12
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Which nutrient is the most important?
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Water
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In a horse’s digestive tract, cellulose is broken down in which section?
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Cecum
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Based on their nutrition strategy, cattle are:
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Herbivores
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The overall quest of animal agriculture is to:
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Improve the efficiency of animal production
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Animal science combines which 3 aspects to improve the production of animal foods for human use?
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Science, Environment and business
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When comparing the typical diet of citizens from developed and developing countries worldwide, there is a difference in their nutrient intake. Which of the following is true?
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More protein and more energy
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Forages are lower in _______ when compared to concentrates
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Digestibility
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When we consider the definition of animal agriculture, the production of food and/or fiber using animals, mainly livestock, which traditional livestock species no longer fits this definition?
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Horses
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Of the livestock we have discussed so far, which was domesticated most recently?
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Turkeys
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What event occurred in the US that was the beginning of greatly increased agricultural production per farmer while at the same time reducing the percentage of income that consumers spend for food?
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Morrill Act
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Most beef cattle breeds were imported to the US from what region of the world?
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Europe
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Most beed cattle producers have farms of what size?
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1-49 Head
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What changes a heifer into a cow?
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Parturition
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The beef cattle industry commonly uses hormone implants in their management systems. The primary purpose of the implants is:
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Increase growth rate and efficiency
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When observing commercial cattle in a feedlot the animals found there would be:
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Mostly crossbreds
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When breeding heifers, minimum body weight is an important factor. What is the other factor to consider before breeding?
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Age
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Following weaning, ADG of beef cattle is:
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Highest in the feedlot
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When first brought to the new world by settlers, the primary product from sheep was:
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Wool
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The Polypay breed of sheep was developed specifically for what purpose?
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Increased multiple birthing
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When considering the gestation period of a ewe, it is:
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About 5 months
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In sheep, multiple ovulations are common which means that:
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Many ewes have twin lambs
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Which type of livestock has North American origin?
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Turkey
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During early production of poultry, which segment was the most important?
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Chicken eggs
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What does the milk test determine?
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Levels of fat and protein
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For efficient breeding of dairy cows, breeding should occur at what point?
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None of the above ( NOT 2-3 weeks after parturition, 4th or 5th hear following parturition, 3-5 days after weaning, or at the end of the lactation cycle)
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Why does most of the US dairy industry not use seasonal dairying?
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No milk production during part of the year
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For the best efficiency of a dairy operation the first lactation cycle should begin when the heifers are at what age?
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24 months
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A castrated male pig is called a:
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Barrow
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Swine were first domesticated from wild pigs found in which region of the world?
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Southeast Asia
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How long after weaning will it take for a sow to show signs of heat?
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3-7 days
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Ringing in swine is done to _______?
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Prevent rooting
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What event reduced the need for horses?
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Development of the car, truck and tractor
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What is a pony?
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A small horse
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To identify pigs in a litter the producer uses which of the following methods?
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Ear notches
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What advantages do traditional livestock producers have over non-traditional production?
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All of the above (Established market streams, current acceptance by consumers, research base to draw from)
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Which of the following management methods could make a traditional aimal product into a non-traditional animal product?
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All of the above ( Organic production, free range production, kosher processing methods)
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The oviduct functions as:
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All of the above (Ovum capture device, site of fertilization, site of early embryo development)
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What is an ectopic pregnancy?
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A site where embryonic development s not supposed to occur
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When an amino acid or fatty acid are said to be non-essential, they are:
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All of the above (not needed in the diet, required by the organism for normal function, are synthesized during metabolism)
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During most of the cell cycle of an intestinal lining cell, the DNA is:
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Uncondensed and active
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What does the acid detergent fiber process measure?
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Cellulose and lignin
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