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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Evolution |
Descent with modification; change in allele frequency of a population over generations |
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3 mechanisms that influence allele frequency |
Natural selection Genetic drift Hebe flow |
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Genetic variation |
Caused by difference in genes or other DNA segments |
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Sources of genetic variation |
Altering gene # or position Rapid reproduction Sexual reproduction |
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Conditions of hardy-Weinberg |
No mutations No gene flow Random mating No natural selection Large population size |
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Adaptive evolution |
Traits that enhance survival or reproduction increase |
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Genetic drift |
How allele frequencies fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next |
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Founder effect |
When few individuals become isolated from a larger population |
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Bottleneck effect |
Drastic reduction in population size due to sudden change in environment |
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Gene flow |
Movements of alleles among population |
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Relative fitness |
Contribution an individual makes to gene pool of next generation relative to others |
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Directional selection |
1 extreme of phenotypic range |
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Disruptive selection |
Both extremes of phenotypic range |
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Stabilizing selection |
Intermediate of phenotypic range |
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Natural selection |
Process in which individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce |
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Wallace |
Had a similar theory to Darwin |
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Descent with modification |
All organisms are related through descent from an ancestor in the post |
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4 types of data that documents pattern of evolution |
Direct observation Homology Fossil record Biogeography |
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Homology |
Similarity resulting from common ancestry |
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Homologous structures |
Anatomical similarities that repeat variations on a structural theme in common ancestors |
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Convergent evolution |
Evolution of similar/analogous features in distantly related groups |
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Intrasexual selection |
Competition of individuals of the same sex for a mate |
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Intersexual selection |
Mate choice; individuals of one sex are choosy when picking mate |
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Heterozygous advantage |
When heterozygotes have higher fitness level than both homos |
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Sporopollenin |
Layer of double polymer that prevents exposed zygotes of algae from drying out |
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Bryophytes |
Liverworts, mosses, hornworts |
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Xylem |
Vascular tissue that Conducts water and minerals |
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Phoelm |
Vascular tissue that distributes sugars and amino acids |
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heterosporous |
produce megaspores (female) and microspores (male) |
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seedless vascular plants |
club mosses, ferns, horsetails |
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seed |
sporophyte embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat |
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gymnosperms |
produce seeds not enclosed in chambers |
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angiosperms |
produce seeds that develop inside chambers that originate in flowers |
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common to seeds plants |
reduced gametophytes, heterospory, ovules, pollen grain |
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ovules |
gymnosperms 1; angiosperms usually 2 |
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pollen grains |
contain male gene closed within a wall |
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pollination |
transfer of pollen to ovules |
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gymnosperm |
naked seeds |
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gymnosperms |
most are conifers |
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3 key features of gymnosperm life cycle
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miniaturization of gametophytes; production of seeds; transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen |
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4 phyla of gymnosperms |
cycads; gingkoes; gnetophyta; conifers |
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angiosperms |
flowers and fruit; single phylum |
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flowers |
structure for sexual reproduction in angiosperms |
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sepals |
enclosed flowers
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stamens |
male reproductive organs; contain filament and anther |
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carpels |
female reproductive organs |
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fruits |
formed when ovary wall thickens and matures |
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basal angiosperms |
water lilies, star anise; one of oldest phyla |
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monocots |
parallel leaf pattern; petals in multiples of 3; ring of xylem |
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eudicots |
petals in multiples of 4 or 5; roses, legumes |
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fungi |
heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from outside of body |
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life styles of fungi |
decomposers; parasites; mutualists |
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body structure of fungi |
multicellular filaments or single cells (yeasts) |
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hyphae |
networks of filaments in fungi |
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mycelium |
interwoven mass of hyphae |
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sexual reproduction of fungi |
haploid nuclei (most of time); fusion of hyphae; plasmogamy; nuclei coexist; karyogamy happens later |
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asexual reproduction of fungi |
deuteromycetes-> produce pores through mitosis |
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species of fungi |
chytrids; zygomycetes; glomerocytes; ascomycetes; basidiomycetes |
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zygomycetes |
fast growing |
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mycohrrizae |
mutually beneficial relationship between fungi and plant roots |
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ascomycetes |
sac fungi |
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basidiomycetes |
grocery store shrooms |
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cell structure of animals |
multicellular eukaryotes; no cell wall |
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cleavage
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rapid cell division after fertilization |
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larva |
sexually immature and morphologically distinct from adult |
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metamorphosis |
larva undergoes this to become a juvenile |
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body plan |
set of morphological and developmental traits |
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radial |
top and bottom; no front back left or right |
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3 germ layers |
ecto, meso, and endoderm |
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diploblastic |
cont. only ecto and endoderms; cnidarians |
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triploblastic |
all three germ layers; all bilaterally symmetrical animals |
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coelomates |
possess coelom derived from mesoderm |
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pseudocoeomates |
triploblastic animals that have a covet derived from endo and mesoderms |
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acoelomates |
no cavity |
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protostome |
bilateral; determinate coelom forms from splitting of solid mass of mesoderm blastopore becomes mouth |
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deuterostome
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radial; intermediate coelom buds from walls of archenteron blastopore becomes anus |
