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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Oral cavity |
Point of entry of food Mastication by teeth Secretes saliva that contains salivary amylase that breaks down starch Tongue that shapes food into a bolus for easy swallowing Leads to the pharynx and the oesophagus with the epiglottis that moves down to cover the trachea during swallowing |
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Oesophagus |
Tubular organ than connects the mouth to the stomach Peristalsis occurs to push food down |
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Stomach |
Distensible sac like organ Secretes Hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen which is activated into pepsin by hydrochloric acid Mechanical digestion by churning action Forms chyme |
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Small Intestines |
Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum Digestion of Lipids, carbohydrates and proteins occur Many folds of villi to increase surface area for absorbtion Nutrients are absorbed by microvilli and transported to the liver by the hepatic portal vein then to rest of the body by the circulatory system Enzymes secreted by intestine, pancreas and gall bladder |
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Large Intestine |
Reabsorption of water Cecum, Colon and Rectum |
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Liver |
Digestion of fats and detoxification of blood occur in liver Produces bile which emulsifies lipids processes vitamins and fats Synthesizes plasma proteins |
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Gall bladder |
Stores, concentrates and secretes bile |
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Rumination |
The repeated regurgitation of ingested food from the reticulum. Cattle spend little time chewing food and use rest periods to chew regurgitated cud Facilitates breakdown of plant material my multiple cycles of mastication Makes it easier for microbes to digest innthe stomach |
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Ruminant mouth |
Have bicarbonates instead of amylase in the saliva |
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Ruminant stomach |
Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
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Rumen |
largest compartment, numerous papillae, allows soaking, mixing and breakdown of food, hosts a population of microorganisms for fermentation where 60-75% of ingested food is fermented before being exposed to gastric juices |
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Reticulum |
Located next to heart, honeycomb shape interior, collects smaller particles and moves them to omasum, heavy and dense feed and metal objects fall into the reticulum which can cause hardware disease |
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Omasum |
Spherical/ crescent shaped, covered with omasal papillae, no enzymes, water and fatty acid absorption in sheep |
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Abomasum |
True stomach, similar function to the monogastric stomach, secretes acids and enzymes, contain lysozyme that breaks down cell walls |
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Eructation |
Known as belching, removal of gas in the digestive tract that is produced by microbes. Failing to eruct can lead to ruminal tympany which can lead to suffocation |
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Carbohydrate digestion |
Mouth: Salivary amylase Oesophagus: no significant digestion Duodenum: Pancreatic juice secrete amylase, maltase, sucrase and lactase. Monoscaccharides are absorbed |
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Protein digestion |
Stomach: Pepsin digests protein to polypeptides Duodenum: Pancreas secretes trypsin, elastase and chymotrypsin that breaks down polypeptides to smaller peptides, Peptidases break peptides into amino acids, absorbed by small intestine |
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Lipid digestion |
Stomach: Lipid digestion begins by gastric lipase and lingual lipase Duodenum: Pancreatic lipase acts on lipids emulsified by bile. Chylomicrons that contain triglycerides and other lipids and have proteins on their surface are able to move into an aqueous environment without exposing lipids to water. Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic vessels then enter the blood vis the subclavian vein |
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Vitamin digestion |
Water soluble or fat soluble Fat soluble absorbed with lipids Water soluble adborbed directly into bloodstream |
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Elimination |
Undigested food enters the colon where water is reabsorbed. Solid waste is eliminated through the anus using peristaltic movements of the rectum |
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Pig water quality |
Free of microbial contamination Can use mild chlorination Too many minerals may cause problems <1000 ppm of total dissolved solids , higher TDS may cause diarrhoea and temporary water refusal |
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Pigs amino acids |
12 are synthesized by pigs 10 need to be substituted Argine, Histidine, Lysine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, valine, phenylalanine Corn is deficient in lysine and tryptophan. Barley wheat and sorghum is low in lysine and threonine. Soybean meal contains methionine so combination with cereal grains will provide a complete diet |
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Minerals |
Calcium and phosphorus: needed for skeletal growth and metabolic roles, sources: ground limestone, steamed bones Sodium and chloride: sources: table salt, milk byproducts Iron and copper: needed for formation of haemoglobin. sources: ammonium citrate with water in piglet waterer, iron sulfate and ground corn on floor of farrowing stall |
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Vitamins for pigs |
Needed for vision, reproduction, growth and maintenance of epithelial tissue and mucus secretions. beta carotene is most active form of vitamin A and can be found in yellow corn grains. Can be supplemented by supplements or premixtures. sources: green forages, high quality legume hays Limitations: easily destroyed by air, light, high temp, rancid fats, organic acids |
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Cow water requirements |
lactating cows need 60-70L a day plus 4-5L per L of milk produced. Also affected by dry matter intake, diet composition, humidity, ph and temp of water, water wuality |
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Energy requirements of cows |
May vary depending on stage of lactation and the composition of milk |
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Cow protein requirement |
Depends on size, growth, milk production and pregnancy stage Early lactation: 16-18% Mid lactation: 14-16% Late lactation: 12-14% Dry: 10-12% |
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Cow fibre requirements |
Ensures rumen is functioning properly, maintains fat test that is used as a barometer of herd’s nutritional status Low fibre high starch diet can lead to an acidic rumen which causes grain poisoning (acidosis). Can be avoided by adding sodium bicarbonate into diet |
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Cow vitamin requirements |
Vitamin D: required for calcium and phosphorus metabolism, stimulates absorption in small intestine and metabolises calcium stores from bones. Source: formed in skin when stimulated by sunlight Vitamin A: For eyesight, growth, reproduction, milk production, tissue and bone formation, maintains healthy epithelium |
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Cow Mineral requirements |
Macrominerals: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sodium Microminerals: cobalt, iron, copper, iodine, manganese Mineral deficiencies are less likely if green forages are major part of diet |
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Pig Mineral requirement |
Calcium and phosphorus: needed for skeletal growth and metabolic roles, sources: ground limestone, steamed bones Sodium and chloride: sources: table salt, milk byproducts Iron and copper: needed for formation of haemoglobin. sources: ammonium citrate with water in piglet waterer, iron sulfate and ground corn on floor of farrowing stall |
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Digestibility |
The amount of nutrients that is actually absorbed and the availability of nutrients for growth and reproduction. Determined by composition, odour, texture and taste |
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Digestibility |
The amount of nutrients that is actually absorbed and the availability of nutrients for growth and reproduction. Determined by composition, odour, texture and taste |
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Dry forages and roughages |
High % of fibre, e.g grass hays, prairie hays, legume hays |
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Digestibility |
The amount of nutrients that is actually absorbed and the availability of nutrients for growth and reproduction. Determined by composition, odour, texture and taste |
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Dry forages and roughages |
High % of fibre, e.g grass hays, prairie hays, legume hays |
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Pasture |
For mares and foals and night pastures, can reduce feed cost, provide plenty of vitamins and good protein source. Limitation: overgrazed pasture of short forage is a source of intestinal parasite infestation |
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Digestibility |
The amount of nutrients that is actually absorbed and the availability of nutrients for growth and reproduction. Determined by composition, odour, texture and taste |
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Dry forages and roughages |
High % of fibre, e.g grass hays, prairie hays, legume hays |
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Pasture |
For mares and foals and night pastures, can reduce feed cost, provide plenty of vitamins and good protein source. Limitation: overgrazed pasture of short forage is a source of intestinal parasite infestation |
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Silages |
Type of fodder made from preserved green foliage crops by acidification through fermentation. Used for cattle and sheep |
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Digestibility |
The amount of nutrients that is actually absorbed and the availability of nutrients for growth and reproduction. Determined by composition, odour, texture and taste |
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Dry forages and roughages |
High % of fibre, e.g grass hays, prairie hays, legume hays |
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Pasture |
For mares and foals and night pastures, can reduce feed cost, provide plenty of vitamins and good protein source. Limitation: overgrazed pasture of short forage is a source of intestinal parasite infestation |
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Silages |
Type of fodder made from preserved green foliage crops by acidification through fermentation. Used for cattle and sheep |
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Energy feeds |
<20% fibre and <18% crude fibre. e.g fish, grains |
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Digestibility |
The amount of nutrients that is actually absorbed and the availability of nutrients for growth and reproduction. Determined by composition, odour, texture and taste |
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Dry forages and roughages |
High % of fibre, e.g grass hays, prairie hays, legume hays |
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Pasture |
For mares and foals and night pastures, can reduce feed cost, provide plenty of vitamins and good protein source. Limitation: overgrazed pasture of short forage is a source of intestinal parasite infestation |
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Silages |
Type of fodder made from preserved green foliage crops by acidification through fermentation. Used for cattle and sheep |
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Energy feeds |
<20% fibre and <18% crude fibre. e.g fish, grains |
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Protein supplements |
>20% fibre, e.g oilmeald and gluten |
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Digestibility |
The amount of nutrients that is actually absorbed and the availability of nutrients for growth and reproduction. Determined by composition, odour, texture and taste |
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Dry forages and roughages |
High % of fibre, e.g grass hays, prairie hays, legume hays |
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Pasture |
For mares and foals and night pastures, can reduce feed cost, provide plenty of vitamins and good protein source. Limitation: overgrazed pasture of short forage is a source of intestinal parasite infestation |
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Silages |
Type of fodder made from preserved green foliage crops by acidification through fermentation. Used for cattle and sheep |
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Energy feeds |
<20% fibre and <18% crude fibre. e.g fish, grains |
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Protein supplements |
>20% fibre, e.g oilmeald and gluten |
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Mineral/ vitamin supplements |
pills, tablets, powders, liquids |
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Digestibility |
The amount of nutrients that is actually absorbed and the availability of nutrients for growth and reproduction. Determined by composition, odour, texture and taste |
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Dry forages and roughages |
High % of fibre, e.g grass hays, prairie hays, legume hays |
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Pasture |
For mares and foals and night pastures, can reduce feed cost, provide plenty of vitamins and good protein source. Limitation: overgrazed pasture of short forage is a source of intestinal parasite infestation |
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Silages |
Type of fodder made from preserved green foliage crops by acidification through fermentation. Used for cattle and sheep |
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Energy feeds |
<20% fibre and <18% crude fibre. e.g fish, grains |
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Protein supplements |
>20% fibre, e.g oilmeald and gluten |
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Mineral/ vitamin supplements |
pills, tablets, powders, liquids |
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Additives |
Antibiotics, flavours, hormones, colouring |
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Digestibility |
The amount of nutrients that is actually absorbed and the availability of nutrients for growth and reproduction. Determined by composition, odour, texture and taste |
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Dry forages and roughages |
High % of fibre, e.g grass hays, prairie hays, legume hays |
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Pasture |
For mares and foals and night pastures, can reduce feed cost, provide plenty of vitamins and good protein source. Limitation: overgrazed pasture of short forage is a source of intestinal parasite infestation |
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Silages |
Type of fodder made from preserved green foliage crops by acidification through fermentation. Used for cattle and sheep |
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Energy feeds |
<20% fibre and <18% crude fibre. e.g fish, grains |
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Protein supplements |
>20% fibre, e.g oilmeald and gluten |
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Mineral/ vitamin supplements |
pills, tablets, powders, liquids |
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Additives |
Antibiotics, flavours, hormones, colouring |
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Feed for fish |
Natural feed ( dependent on water quality, Complete feeds ( provides all nutrients), supplemental feeds ( not complete) |
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Digestibility |
The amount of nutrients that is actually absorbed and the availability of nutrients for growth and reproduction. Determined by composition, odour, texture and taste |
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Dry forages and roughages |
High % of fibre, e.g grass hays, prairie hays, legume hays |
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|
Pasture |
For mares and foals and night pastures, can reduce feed cost, provide plenty of vitamins and good protein source. Limitation: overgrazed pasture of short forage is a source of intestinal parasite infestation |
|
|
Silages |
Type of fodder made from preserved green foliage crops by acidification through fermentation. Used for cattle and sheep |
|
|
Energy feeds |
<20% fibre and <18% crude fibre. e.g fish, grains |
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Protein supplements |
>20% fibre, e.g oilmeald and gluten |
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Mineral/ vitamin supplements |
pills, tablets, powders, liquids |
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Additives |
Antibiotics, flavours, hormones, colouring |
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Feed for fish |
Natural feed ( dependent on water quality, Complete feeds ( provides all nutrients), supplemental feeds ( not complete) |
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Feeds for pigs |
Creep feed : starter rations for weaning piglets contains amylase Starter rations: Aids growth of weaners Growing rations: focuses on increasing intake |
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Digestibility |
The amount of nutrients that is actually absorbed and the availability of nutrients for growth and reproduction. Determined by composition, odour, texture and taste |
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Feeds for cows |
Grass feed, corn feed, barley feed |
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Dry forages and roughages |
High % of fibre, e.g grass hays, prairie hays, legume hays |
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Pasture |
For mares and foals and night pastures, can reduce feed cost, provide plenty of vitamins and good protein source. Limitation: overgrazed pasture of short forage is a source of intestinal parasite infestation |
|
|
Silages |
Type of fodder made from preserved green foliage crops by acidification through fermentation. Used for cattle and sheep |
|
|
Energy feeds |
<20% fibre and <18% crude fibre. e.g fish, grains |
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Protein supplements |
>20% fibre, e.g oilmeald and gluten |
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Mineral/ vitamin supplements |
pills, tablets, powders, liquids |
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Additives |
Antibiotics, flavours, hormones, colouring |
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Feed for fish |
Natural feed ( dependent on water quality, Complete feeds ( provides all nutrients), supplemental feeds ( not complete) |
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Feeds for pigs |
Creep feed : starter rations for weaning piglets contains amylase Starter rations: Aids growth of weaners Growing rations: focuses on increasing intake |
