Anes

Front 1

Biochemical mediators of pain

Back 1

The beginning and the agreement regarding specific functions is lacking

Front 2

Odontoblasts

Back 2

Sensory cells

Receive and transfer stimuli to nerve endings in the pulp

Front 3

Hydrodynamic Theory

Back 3

it is necessary to show all stimuli that cause pain, the only sense experienced by the dental pulp, also cause fluid to flow in the dentinal tubules

Front 4

Algesic

Back 4

Pain giving chemical / Pain producing

Front 5

Hypertonic saline

Potassium chloride

5-hydroxytryptamine

Acetylcholine

Bradykinin

Histamine

Substance P

Back 5

Pain producing substances

Front 6

Peptide bradykinin

Back 6

very potent and elicits the kind of pain that mimicked the clinically experienced sensation

Front 7

Chemoreceptors

Back 7

Sensory nerve endings that mediate pain

Front 8

Analgesic

Back 8

Pain relieving chemical/drug

Front 9

5-hydroxytryptamine

Histamine

Bradykinin

Back 9

Vasoactive amines

Front 10

Basophils

Mast cells

Platelets

Back 10

Main source of the amines

Front 11

Blood-clotting system

Back 11

Acts as the activator

Front 12

Kallikrein

Back 12

A protease, that liberates kinins from their precursors

Front 13

Prostaglandins

Back 13

Form a complex group of fatty acids

Front 14

To sensitize the nociceptors to the effects of bradykinin, thereby accentuating its action

Back 14

The main contribution of prostaglandins

Front 15

Aspirin

Indomethacin

Other minor analgesic agents

Back 15

Block the cyclooxygenase reaction by inactivating the enzyme, thereby preventing the biosynthesis of prostaglandin

Front 16

Substance P

Back 16

An excitatory transmitter within the nociceptive system at the first afferent synaptic level.

May act as a modulator of neural excitability rather than as a neurotransmitter

Front 17

Naloxone

Back 17

Electrically induced analgesia was reversible by the narcotic antagonist

Front 18

Endorphins

Back 18

Morphine-like chemicals

Morphin within

Distribution of opoid receptors

Front 19

Abundance in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

Medullary raphe nuclei

Periaqueductal gray matter

Back 19

Opoid receptors located

Front 20

Analgesia

Back 20

May be produced by closing the gate to noxious stimuli at the first synaptic level

Front 21

Pro-opiocortin

Back 21

A large polypeptide, is released by the pituitary gland and is the precursor fot both adrenal corticotropic hormone (ACTH) and B-lipoprotein

Front 22

B-lipoprotein

Back 22

Serves as the precursor for most endorphins such as b-endorphin, met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin

Front 23

Analgesia

Euphoria

Catatonia

Hallucinations

Schizophrenia

Back 23

Neurohormones produce a wide variety of effects

Front 24

Pain perception

Back 24

Physioanatomical process whereby an impulse is generated

Front 25

Pain reaction

Back 25

Psychophysiological process that represents the individuals overt manifestation of the unpleasant perceptual process that just occured

Front 26

Hyporeactive

Back 26

High pain threshold

Front 27

Hyperreactive

Back 27

Low pain threshold

Front 28

Emotional States

Age

Fatigue

Racial and nationality characteristics

Sex

Fear and apprehension

Back 28

Pain reaction

Front 29

Fifth cranial nerve or trigeminal nerve

Back 29

Is the principal sensory nerve of the head region

Front 30

Ascending fiber

Back 30

Conveys general tactile sensibility

Front 31

Descending fiber

Back 31

Conveys pain and temperature

Front 32

Physiological continuity

Back 32

Effected by synaptic transmission, which implies a relationship between two neurons without actual anatomical union

Front 33

Pain

Back 33

an unpleasant emotional experience usually initiated by a noxious stimulus and transmitted over a specialized neural network to the central nervous system where it is interpreted as such.

Front 34

Control or elimination of pain

Back 34

One of the most important aspects of the prcactice of dentistry

Front 35

Removing the cause

Blocking the pathway in painful impulses

Raising the pain threshold

Preventing pain reaction by cortical depression

Using psychosomtic methods

Back 35

Methods of Pain Control

Front 36

Removing the cause

Back 36

Desirable method of controlling pain

Front 37

Blocking the pathway of painful impulses

Back 37

The most widely used method in dentistry for controlling pain

The local anestethic solution prevents depolarization of the nerve fibers

Pain perception

Front 38

Raising the pain threshold

Back 38

Depends on the pharmacological action of drugs possessing analgesic properties. These drugs raise the pain threshold centrally and therefore interfere with pain reaction

Front 39

Aspirin

Back 39

Effectively only in the relief of mild discomfort

Front 40

Narcotics

Back 40

Not pure analgesics are effective against more severe pain because they are able to raise the pain threshold to a greater degree

Front 41

Preventing pain reaction by cortical depression

Back 41

Within the scope of general anesthesia and the general anesthetic agents

Cerebral cortex is depressend only to the point that the inhinitions are suppressed, the patient may become hyperreactive to a painful stimulus

Front 42

Using psychosomatic methods

Back 42

Cheapest way to prevent pain

Important factor: honesty & sincerity toward the patient

Front 43

Psychogenic pain

Back 43

Unpleasant sensation that has no organic basis. It is any pain that originates wholly whitin the mind and is fixed on some portion of the anatomy

Front 44

Referred Pain

Back 44

Pain experienced at a site some distance from the site of injury

Front 45

Neurogenic pain

Back 45

Sharp, burning and intense; may be constant or intermittent

Front 46

Vascular pain

Back 46

Diffuse; may be referred and thus difficult to localize

Front 47

Muscle pain

Back 47

Most likely dull; limited to the area of origin

Front 48

Factors

Back 48