Anatomy Test 2 Part 3

Front 1

ions formation

Back 1

are formed when electrolytes dissolve and dissociate

concentration is expressed in mEq/L

so if single ion (Na cl or K) =mmol/L=mEq/L

for two chargers (Ca2+ or Mg2+) =2xmmol/L=Meq/L

Front 2

role of electrolytes

Back 2

1. osmosis- movement of water between compartments is controlled by Ions (reabsorption of Na--> Cl follows--> the movment of Cl causes the water to follow

2. Acid -Base balance. They control the pH, act as buffers

3. Action potential and graded potentials

4. Cofactors- ATPase need Mg, Kinase- add phosphates group use ATP (must be bound to magnesium)

Front 3

where is the fluid

Back 3

2/3-intecellular

1/3- extracellular

with 80% of that being interstitila fluid

20% being blood plasma

Front 4

where are the ions

Back 4

outside Na Cl

inside K+ and Potassium ion

Na= very high in blood plasma and interstitial fluid (very low inside the cell- maintained by Na/K pump)

K= Opp of Na

Ca=Very low everwhere

Mg2+=high inside the cell

Cl-=similar to Na

HCO3-everywhere about equal

HPO42- = very high inside cell (phosophate ion)

Protein anions= blood plasma and lots in intracellular

So42-=small intracellular bits

Front 5

Na+

Back 5

136-149 meq/l in blood plasma and 50% of osmolarity of extracellular fluid, Aldosterone Na-Cl concentration, ADH (indirect) more water loss= increase concentration of Na

ANP= causes more Na-Cl and water to be lost

Front 6

Cl-

Back 6

9-105 meq/L

can move easily between compartments

Leaky channels for Cl as well as transporters and follows Na+ ions

Front 7

cystic fibrosis

Back 7

mutation in Cl channel and is inserted in membrane but cannot move Cl

Na moves but Cl cannot- alot of mucus forms because Cl cannot move

Front 8

K+

Back 8

140 meq/L (intracellular). Resting Membrane potential, re polarization, K CL causes super repolarization and kills ppl

exchanged with H+ to maintain pH of body fluids

Front 9

Hco3-

Back 9

very useful buffer

22-26 meq/L

Second most prevelent Extracellular fluid anion (Cl is 1)

Kidneys are main regulator of this ion

Intercalated cells and they mess with Bicarbs (in collection tube)

Front 10

Ca2+

Back 10

5 meqL Exracellular cation

98% is stored in skeleton and teeth

Parathyroid hormone (acts on DTC)

Important for blood clotting, NT release

Neurons and muscle tissue

excitability

Front 11

Acid base balance ***

Back 11

body likes a slightly alkaline pH of 7.35-7.45

the body needs to get rid of H+

1. BUFFER--> neutralize H+ ions but DO NOT get rid of them

2. Exhalation of C02 (breathing out H+ ions) because H+ + Hco3- --> H2CO3 (carbonic acid)--> (carbonic anhydrace=enzyme)--> h20 + C02

3. Kidney excretion of H+ ion- NON-Volatile ACIDS so you cannot breathe it out so you need the kidney to get rid of it

Front 12

Buffer systems available- Protein

Back 12

Protein buffer system- Albumin, and Hemoglobin (in blood)

NH2-->res--> COOH

NH2--> res--> COO- + H+

strong base OH- can come in and Neutralize the H+ or the NH2 can bind H+

NH3+-->res--> COOH

Hb-O2 + H+ ---> Hb-H + O2

Front 13

Buffer systems - carbonic acid and bicarbinate system

Back 13

HCO3- ionic concentration is significant in both extracellular and intracellular fluid

H+ + HCO3- --> H2CO3 --> H20 + CO2

Front 14

Phosphate buffer

Back 14

INTRACELLULAR buffer

OH- + H2PO4- weak base --> H2O + H2PO4 2- weak base

weak bases/acids do not disociate as easily- hold onto ions when the neutralize them

Front 15

breathing phosphate buffer

Back 15

IMPortant role in pH of body fuids.

high {CO2] --> H+ is high--> pH is low

Front 16

kidney failure

Back 16

cannot get rid of H+--> develope a bad perseistant cough

Front 17

Kidney excretion of hydrogen ions

Back 17

metabolic rxn produce lots of H+ --> and non-volatile acids (sulfuric, phosphoric, uric acid) ( 1 ,eq/H+ / Kg* 60Kg* 10^6 nmol/1meq )/12L

5*10^6 H+ nano moles H+/L

100,000 fold about 5pH

only way is via kidneys

PCT- secreation of H+/Na (antiporder)

Intercalated cells (distal bit of the DTC and collecting ducts) 30-40 % of the cells in these areas

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Front 18

acidosis and alkalosis

Back 18

pH if below 7.35

depression of central nervious system because synaptic transmission goes down- heart failure--> peripheral vasodilation... IF below 7 the person goes into coma and may die

pH above 7.45

alkolosis--> overexcitability--> in both CNS and peripheral nerves-->rapid transmission of impulses w/o stimulation====> nerviousness muscle spasm and convulsions and death

Front 19

compensation

Back 19

a physiological response--> if the change in pH is due to metabolic causes then --> respiratory compensation (mins--> a few hours)

due to respiratory causes--> renal compensation (min--> days)

Front 20

Respiratory Acid or alka detection

Back 20

partial pressure of CO2- normally 35-45 mmHg

Front 21

metabolic acid or alk detection

Back 21

changes in HCO3- (bicarbanate concentration) normally 22-26 meq/L in systemic arterial blood.

Front 22

respiratory acidosis

Back 22

if partial pressure of CO2 is above 45 mmHg (acidosis) some issue in respratory system that does not get rid of CO2

anything that blocks CO2 movement from blood to aveoli of lungs- (cells make CO2 from ATP synth)

Emphysema-- brake down of elastic tissue in lungs and break down of aveoli walls so you cannot breath out

pulmonary edema- if left ventricles are not functioning properly the blood is not going from the lungs to the heart (the left aorta) and it is going to stay in the lungs and fill them with fluid

Injury to respiratory center (medulla)

Airway Obstruction

disorders of muscles involved in breathing

kidneys can compesate sometimes by secreting more H+ and reaabsorbing more HCO3-

INTERCALATED A CELLS IN DISTAL DTC AND Collection tubes

Front 23

respiratory alkalosis

Back 23

p CO2 falls below 35 mmHg (sestimic arterial blood) pH goes up

Oxygen deficiency (at higher altituted) pulmonary disease, stroke, or seveir anxiety - hyperventalation

use intercalated B cells by decreasing HCO3- and rabsorption of H+

Front 24

metabolic acidosis

Back 24

HCO3- is used to diagnosis this=== if this falls bellow 22 meq/L, lower pH

1. actual loss of HCO3- -> due to diarrhea or renal disfunction

2. kidneys failure to secrete H+ ions

3. accumulation of an acid other than carbonic acid (problem for low carb diets)

HYPER VENTILATE and get rid of CO2

compensation by respiratory system

Front 25

Metabolic alkalosis

Back 25

HCO3- is above 26 meq/L so pH has gone up

nonrespiratoyr loss of H+ or excessive intake of alkaline drugs or severe dehydration

HYPOVENTALATION-- brown bag treatment so you breath in a bag so you have lots of CO2 and this will shft the equation towards the HCO3- + H+