Anatomy Exam: 5

Front 1

What are the two major anatomical divisions?

Back 1

Central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Front 2

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Back 2

Contains the brain, spinal cord, and command center.

Front 3

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Back 3

Contains nerves to and from the CNS, and sensory or motor neurons. Everything not apart of the brain/spinal cord.

Front 4

Sensory Neurons

Back 4

An input, that detect stimuli located through out the body, and carry messages to the brain. Also afferent.

Front 5

Afferent

Back 5

Neurons towards the CNS.

Front 6

Integration at the CNS

Back 6

Makes a decision and dictates a response. (a synapse)

Front 7

Motor Neurons

Back 7

An output, that is the response that makes efferent signals (carrying messages away from the CNS), and examples are muscles and glands.

Front 8

Sensory and motor divisions are..?

Back 8

Further divided depending on body regions they innervate.

Front 9

Visceral

Back 9

(the viscera) The signals between CNS and organs within the body cavity..

Front 10

Somatic

Back 10

Outside the body cavity, signals between CNS and the skin, muscles, bones, and joints.

Front 11

Visceral Sensory

Back 11

Temperature, pain.
-hunger
-nausea
-cold

Front 12

What are special visceral senses?

Back 12

Taste and Smell

Front 13

Somatic Sensory

Back 13

Widespread
-touch
-pain
-pressure
-temperature

Front 14

What are special somatic senses?

Back 14

Hearing and Vision

Front 15

Visceral Motor

Back 15

(Autonomic Nervous System=ANS) The contraction of smooth muscle, gland secretion, it is all involuntary! (smooth muscle)
-Stomach churning
-Bile Secretion
-Vasoconstriction when cold

Front 16

Somatic Motor

Back 16

(Autonomic Nervous System=ANS) Done by skeletal muscles, and is voluntary. Except Somatic reflexes.

Front 17

What division would be associated with sensing the pain of grabbing a hot plate?

Back 17

Stimulus, Somatic sensory, outside body cavity

Front 18

Letting a plate go?

Back 18

Response, somatic motor, and outside the body cavity.

Front 19

Peristalsis of the small intestine?

Back 19

Response, visceral motor, and inside the body cavity.

Front 20

Vasoconstriction when cold?

Back 20

Response, visceral motor, inside the body cavity.

Front 21

Having to pee really bad?

Back 21

Stimulus, visceral sensory, and inside the body cavity.

Front 22

What are the 2 involuntary Autonomic nervous system responses?

Back 22

1. Sympathetic
2. Parasympathetic

Front 23

Sympathetic

Back 23

(ANS) The division that arouses the body for action. It INCREASES heart rate and respiration.

Front 24

Parasympathetic

Back 24

(ANS) The division that slows the body down. It DECREASES heart rate and respiration.

Front 25

What are the 4 things that make up nervous tissue?

Back 25

1. Neurons (Nerve cells)
2. Neuroglia (Nerve support cells)
3. Connective tissue
4. Blood vessels

Front 26

Nervous tissue does _____ divide, it has ____, and a ____ rate.

Back 26

NOT, longevity, HIGH

Front 27

What are the three parts of a Neuron?

Back 27

1. Soma (cell body/ control center)
2. Dendrites (Receiving end, carries signal to soma)
3. Axon (Carries signal away from soma to other neurons)

Front 28

What does an Axon do?

Back 28

It is an impulse generator (electrical), comes in various lengths, and contains an axon terminal that is branched.

Front 29

What are the 2 things in an axon terminal?

Back 29

Neurotransmitters, and synapse.

Front 30

Synapse

Back 30

Meeting point of neuron and any other cell.

Front 31

Nerves _____ physically touch!!!

Back 31

DONT

Front 32

Electrical Synapse

Back 32

The ions go across an electrical gradient, that has a FASTER and SHORTER cleft. There is no specific information here.

Front 33

Chemical Synapse

Back 33

The neurotransmitters that have over 100s of kinds, and contain specific information. Contains an synaptic knob, synaptic cleft, and Neurotransmitter receptors.

Front 34

Synaptic knob

Back 34

Swelling at the end of an axon.

Front 35

Synaptic Cleft

Back 35

Space in-between and where chemicals pass.

Front 36

Neurotransmitter receptors

Back 36

They receive incoming neurotransmitters.

Front 37

Oligodendrocytes (Neuroglia cell)

Back 37

Located in the CNS, and they form myelin sheath in brain and spinal cord.

Front 38

Ependymal (Neuroglia Cell)

Back 38

Located in the CNS, and it lines cavities of brain and spinal cord. Secretes and circulates cerebrospinal fluid.

Front 39

Microglia (Neuroglia Cells)

Back 39

Located in CNS, and it phagocytes and destroys microorganisms, foreign matter, and dead nervous tissue.

Front 40

Astrocytes (Neuroglia Cells)

Back 40

Located in the CNS, and covers brain surface and non-synaptic regions of neurons, it forms a supportive framework for the CNS, stimulates formation of BBB, nourish neurons and secrete growth stimulants, and help regulate composition of the extracellular fluid in the CNS.

Front 41

Schwann (Neuroglia Cell)

Back 41

Located in the PNS, Forms neurilemma around all PNS nerve fibers and myelin around most of them, and it aids in regeneration of damaged nerve fibers.

Front 42

Satellite (Neuroglia Cell)

Back 42

Located in the PNS, and it surrounds somas of neurons in the ganglia, and insulates them and regulate their chemical environment.

Front 43

Myelin Sheath

Back 43

In the PNS, and a schwann cell spirals around a single nerve fiber, and has a thick outer layer called the Neurilemma.

Front 44

Nodes of Ranvier

Back 44

Gaps between myelinated segments.

Front 45

Internodes

Back 45

Myelin covered segments.

Front 46

Nervous tissue can ____ regeneration.

Back 46

NOT

Front 47

The regeneration of a nerve cell in PNS has to do what?

Back 47

Needs a neurilemma of shcwann cell, secretes Growth Factors, builds a new axon, goes through a regeneration tube, and tires to establish contact with muscle cell.

Front 48

Signal conduction speed is determined by what?

Back 48

Diameter of fiber, and the presence of absence of myelin.

Front 49

In a synaptic transmission, where does the neurotransmitter come from (what part of the neuron)?

Back 49

Axon terminal

Front 50

What are the Pros and cons of electrical synapses?

Back 50

-Pros: Faster and shorter distance in cleft
_Cons: No specific information

Front 51

What division directly controls the motility of the stomach or rate of heartbeat?

Back 51

Visceral motor (ANS)

Front 52

Neurons that convey information to the CNS are called sensory, or ____ neurons.

Back 52

Afferent

Front 53

The most significant disorder of the spinal cord is what?

Back 53

Trauma (Usually by vertebral fractures)

Front 54

Paraplegia

Back 54

Lower limbs paralyzed (under C5)

Front 55

Quadriplegia

Back 55

All four limbs paralyzed (above C5)

Front 56

Respiratory Paralysis

Back 56

Trouble breathing (At C2)

Front 57

Hemiplegia

Back 57

Paralysis of one side of the body (Stroke, and one half of the brain)

Front 58

Spinal Cord

Back 58

The information highway up and down. connects brain to rest of body, and the pair of 21 spinal nerves are rung like a ladder up the spinal cord.

Front 59

Medullary Cone

Back 59

The end of the spinal cord, it tapers.

Front 60

Cauda Equina

Back 60

The bundle of nerve roots from L2-S5, the Horses tail.

Front 61

Meninges

Back 61

3 tissues that enclose the spinal cord and brain, and they separate neural fibers from vertebra.

Front 62

Dura Matter

Back 62

The superficial sheath around the cord, and it is thick and tough.

Front 63

Arachnoid Matter

Back 63

The middle layer, a web filled with spinal fluid.

Front 64

Pia Matter

Back 64

The inner covering on the cord, and it anchors the chord to coccyx.

Front 65

Epidural space

Back 65

The fat between vertebrae and dura mater.

Front 66

Subarachnoid Space

Back 66

Spinal fluid that is between pia and arachnoid mater.

Front 67

Gray Matter

Back 67

The type of nervous tissue that contains little myelin, contains somas, dendrites, proximal axons, and is the site of synapse between neurons to integration. It forms an H, and dorsal (Longer) and ventral (shorter) horns.

Front 68

White matter

Back 68

Contains Myelinated axons, carries signals within the CNS called TRACTS.

Front 69

Descending Tracts

Back 69

They carry signals DOWN the spinal cord, and contain 2 neurons:
-Upper neuron (brain to spinal cord)
-Lower Neuron (Spinal cord to target muscle or organ.

Front 70

Decussation

Back 70

The crossing over from one side to the other (Contralateral=Cross over). (Ipsilateral=Don't cross over).

Front 71

Spinal rootlets ____ the cord.

Back 71

Leave

Front 72

Dorsal Root ganglia

Back 72

The swelling where neuron soma's cluster.

Front 73

Dorsal root ganglia then split into ____.

Back 73

Rami

Front 74

Spinal Rami

Back 74

Lateral to the dorsal root.

Front 75

Dorsal Rami

Back 75

Goes to skin and muscles of back, they are smaller branches.

Front 76

Ventral Rami

Back 76

Ventrolateral body and lime, they are bigger branches.

Front 77

Cervical Plexus

Back 77

Formed from C1-C5 spinal nerves,MOST important the phrenic nerve.

Front 78

Brachial Plexus

Back 78

The upper limbs, C5-T1. The musculocutaneous n. and median n.

Front 79

Lumbar Plexus

Back 79

L1-L4, know that the femoral never originates from lumbar plexus.

Front 80

Sacral and coccygeal Plexuses

Back 80

L4-L5, S1-S5, and the sciatic nerve originates from sacral plexuses.

Front 81

Reflex

Back 81

May be avoiding dangerous situation, a response to a stimulation, involuntary, and stereotyped (same way every time)

Front 82

Visceral Reflex

Back 82

controlled by ANS. glands, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle.

Front 83

Somatic Reflex

Back 83

The skeletal muscles, controlled by somatic nervous system (sensory and motor), use a reflex arc.

Front 84

How does a reflex work?

Back 84

1. Somatic Receptors receive input.
2. Afferent fibers carry message to spinal cord.
3. Integration usually occurs in cord.
4. Efferent fibers carry response to muscle.
5. Muscles carry out response.

Front 85

Reflex actions _____ travel to the Brain.

Back 85

NEVER

Front 86

Derematome map

Back 86

Diagram of the skin regions innervated by each spinal nerve.

Front 87

What is the layer of meninges called that holds cerebral spinal fluid?

Back 87

Arachnoid Mater

Front 88

Looking at a cross section of the spinal cord, which tract carries sensory nerves and which tract carries motor nerves?

Back 88

Sensory= Ascending Tracts
Motor= Descending Tracts

Front 89

Which Rami is larger and goes to all the ventral side of the body and all the limbs?

Back 89

Ventral Rami

Front 90

What plexus does the median nerve originate?

Back 90

Brachial Plexus

Front 91

Brain is about ____ of body weight.

Back 91

2%

Front 92

uses about ___ % of our blood, and consumes ___% of glucose we take in.

Back 92

15, 20

Front 93

What are the 4 main regions of the brain?

Back 93

-Cerebrum
-Diencephalon
-Cerebellum
-Brain Stem

Front 94

Choroid Plexus

Back 94

(Ventricle) Capillary beds that produce CEREBROSPINAL FLUID(CS) from blood plasma.

Front 95

Cerebrospinal fluid

Back 95

Gives cushion/protection, and buoyancy to brain, and it regulated chemical environment via filtration of blood.

Front 96

The ventricles are filed with _______ Fluid?

Back 96

Cerebrospinal

Front 97

The ventricles also contain what cells?

Back 97

Ependymal (Located in the central nervous system)

Front 98

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

Back 98

Contains tight junctions around capillaries in the brain, formed from Astrocytes. It also restricts the diffusion of large molecules, pathogens, toxins from the blood.

Front 99

What is allowed to pass the Blood-Brain Barrier?

Back 99

H2O, O2, Glucose, Essential amino acids, Electrolytes, Alcohol, and Nicotine.

Front 100

What is not allowed to pass the Blood-Brain Barrier?

Back 100

Metabolic Waste, most toxins, chemotherapy, and antibiotics.

Front 101

Where is the Blood-Brain barrier absent in?

Back 101

Circumventricular organs (CVOs) which is found in the 3rd and 4th ventricles.

This allows brain to respond to blood chemistry, and hormones.

Front 102

Where is the route for infection in the brain?

Back 102

Circumventricular Organs.

Front 103

What allows the brain to see and respond to blood chemistry?

Back 103

The CVOs.

Front 104

Cerebrum

Back 104

The most superior part of the brain, it is 83% of brains volume, and it is the surface with ridges and grooves (gyri & Sulci).

Front 105

Gyri=

Back 105

Elevated ridges

Front 106

Sulci=

Back 106

Grooves

Front 107

What are the cerebrum functions?

Back 107

Perception, communication, memory, understanding, and initiate voluntary movements.

Front 108

What are the 3 regions of a hemisphere?

Back 108

1. Cortex (outter grey matter, the site of somas & synapses)
2. White matter (Internal to cortex, and contains Axonal Tracts)
3. Basal Nuclei (Deep masses of grey matter)

Front 109

What makes the white matter white?

Back 109

Meylin sheath

Front 110

The gray matter in the cerebral cortex functions are derived from where?

Back 110

Several Areas

Front 111

Each hemisphere deals with functions of the _____ side of the body.

Back 111

Opposite

Front 112

Frontal Lobe functions

Back 112

Reasoning, planning, speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving.

Front 113

Parietal Lobe Functions

Back 113

Integration of sensory input, and understanding of speech. (Motor areas)

Front 114

Occipital Lobe Functions

Back 114

Vision, ex-using sensory neuron orders.

Front 115

Temporal lobe Functions

Back 115

Hearing

Front 116

Commissure Fibers

Back 116

They transmit information between hemispheres (corpus Callosum)

Front 117

Associate Fibers

Back 117

Transmits information within a given hemisphere

Front 118

Projection Fibers

Back 118

Transmits information form verebrum to rest of the body.

Front 119

Basal Nuclei

Back 119

Has a role in cognition, memory, allows us to perform several activities at once, and plays a large role in motor control with Dopamine (neurotransmitter) HELPS MULTITASK.

Front 120

Diencephalon

Back 120

It is deep to the cerebrum, and it contains the Thalamus and Hypothalamus.

Front 121

Thalamus

Back 121

It receives all sensory input from cranial nerves and spinal cord, it is the FIRST to get signals of pain, pressure, and temp. It send to cerebrum for integration.

Front 122

Hypothalamus

Back 122

The major control center for homeostasis, ANS. Contains the Endocrine Gland, hunger, thirst, blood volume, sleep and circadian rhythms temperature.

Front 123

Mid Brain

Back 123

Between the diencephalon and pons. Contains the visual reflex center, and the auditory reflex center.

Front 124

Pons

Back 124

The bulging part of the brain stem, that is mostly conduction tracts. Its ANS functions are: Sleep, bladder control, respiration, digestion, and many others.

Front 125

Medulla Oblongata

Back 125

All the nerve fibers between brain and spinal cord. The ANS functions are: Cardiovascular center, Respiratory Centers (More than the pons), vomiting, coughing, and sneezing. Filters out white noise.

Front 126

Cerebellum

Back 126

it is 11 % of total brain mass, and 50% of its neurons. Controls body movements such as balance and cord nation. It is also responsible for integration info with eyes and ears.

Front 127

(I) Olfactory Nerve

Back 127

Smell

Front 128

(II) Optic Nerve

Back 128

Vision

Front 129

(III) Oculomotor Nerve

Back 129

Eye motor

Front 130

(IV) Trochlear Nerve

Back 130

Eye motor

Front 131

(V) Tigeminal Nerve

Back 131

Chewing muscles mostly, face

Front 132

(VI) Abducens Nerve

Back 132

Eye motor

Front 133

(VII) Facial Nerve

Back 133

Face

Front 134

(VIII) Vestibulochoclear Nerve

Back 134

Ear

Front 135

(IX) Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Back 135

To head and neck

Front 136

(X) Vagus Nerve

Back 136

"The wander" goes to most MAJOR organs in the body.

Front 137

(XI) Accessory Spinal

Back 137

Muscles of neck & back

Front 138

(XII) Hypoglossal Nerve

Back 138

Tongue

Front 139

Vision comes from what part of the brain?

Back 139

Occipital Lobe

Front 140

Hearing comes from what part of the brain?

Back 140

Temporal lobe

Front 141

Equilibrium comes from what 2 parts of the brain?

Back 141

Cerebellum, and several brainstem nuclei

Front 142

Taste comes from what part of the brain/

Back 142

Parietal Lobe

Front 143

Smell comes from what part of the brain?

Back 143

Temporal and frontal lobes.

Front 144

What are hormones?

Back 144

Chemical messengers that travel through the blood stream, and stimulate physiological responses.

Front 145

What is the endocrine system?

Back 145

The endocrine glands, that contain special secretory cells in tissues and organs called secreting hormones.

Front 146

What is a basic hormone action?

Back 146

-Horemones secreted from a gland
-Travel in bloodstream, leave capillaries
-Enter tissues
-Has action only on "Target Cells" (have receptors for specific hormone on cell membrane)
-Cell reaction is predictable, and programmed.

Front 147

To be a target cell you must have a ____.

Back 147

Receptor

Front 148

Where, and What are the follicle stimulating hormones going?

Back 148

Maturation of egg/sprem, from Pituitary gland, and target cells are ovary in WOMEN and Testis in MEN.

Front 149

Hypothalamus

Back 149

A flattened, funnel shape area that regulates primitive functions (ANS Involuntary functions), and it stimulates the pituitary glans.

Front 150

Pituitary Gland

Back 150

Contains 2 glands that are attached to hypothalamus.

Front 151

what are the 5 hormones in the Anterior Lobe on Pituitary Gland?

Back 151

1. Corticotrophin (Regulates response to stress)
2. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (Stimulates egg/sperm production
3. Luteinizing hormone (Stimulaties ovulation and production of testosterone.
4. Prolactin (Stimulates production of milk and testosterone)
5. Growth hormone (Promotes growth across the body, in like very cell in body)

Front 152

What are some growth hormone side effects?

Back 152

-morality
-hypertension
-high blood sugar
-diabetes
-colon cancer
-water retention
-headaches
-joint/muscle pain

Front 153

What are the 2 hormones that the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete?

Back 153

1. Oxytocin (Promotes contractions during pregnancy)
2. Antidiuretic Hormone (Maintains water balance in the body)

Front 154

Pineal gland

Back 154

It is posterior and inferior to the corpus callosum, it produces MELATONIN, and my establish certain circadian rhythms.

Front 155

Thymus

Back 155

It is larger in fetus and infants, it involutes around the age of 14 (puberty) and it secretes thymic hormones for maturation of T-LYMPHOCYTES

Front 156

Thyroid Gland

Back 156

The largest endocrine gland in ADULTS, it increases METABOLISM (heart rate, appetite), and it helps drive brain and bone growth in children.

Front 157

Parathyroid Gland

Back 157

It is 4 small ovoid glands, on the posterior side of the thyroid, that secretes a parathyroid hormone (PTH) that regulates uptake of calcium.

Front 158

Adrenal Cortex

Back 158

The outer part of the adrenal gland, that produces 25 steroid hormones called CORTICOIDS.

Front 159

Adrenal Medulla

Back 159

The middle part of the adrenal gland, that is about 10-20% of the gland, and the hormones is secretes are epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine (All which are released in fear, pain ,stress).