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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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where does the spinal cord lie |
in the vertebral canal |
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where does the spinal cord extend from and to |
foramen magnum to L1 and L@ |
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how long is the spinal cord in adults |
18 inches |
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How many pairs of cervical nerves |
8 |
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How many pairs of thoracic nerves
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12 |
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How many pairs of lumbar nerves
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5 |
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How many pairs of sacral nerves
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5 |
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How many pairs of coccygeal nerves
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1 |
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what does the PNS consist of |
spinal nerves |
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what are the changes in shape of the cross section of the spinal cord are due to what? |
increased numbers of motor neurons in the gray matter of the cervical and lumbar regions |
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what are the increased numbers of motor neurons needed for |
innervate the upper and lower limbs |
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where do you do a lumbar puncture on an adult |
L3/L4 |
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where do you do a lumbar puncture on a child |
L4/L5 |
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Where does the spinal cord develop from |
the caudal portion of the neural tube |
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how do myeloceles form |
as a result of failure of the neural groove to close |
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what does common forms of spina bifida result from |
failure of the vertebrae to enclose the spinal cord |
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what is the most common form of spina bifida |
meningomyelocele (spina bifida cystica) |
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what gives rise to all spinal cord neurons |
neuroepithelium |
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what gives rise to spinal cord glia |
neuroepithelium |
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what three layers do the neuroepithelial cells divide to |
1. Neuroepithelial layer 2. Mantle layer 3. Marginal layer |
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what does the neuroepithelium layer consists of |
layer of dividing cells |
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what does the mantle layer consist of |
layer of neuronal and glial cells bodies |
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what does the marginal layer consist of |
layer of neuronal processes |
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what type of nerve are the ascending tracts of the spinal cord white matter |
sensory |
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what type of nerve are the descending tracts of the spinal cord white matter
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motor |
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where do general sensory pathways terminate |
somatosensory cortex |
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skin over the entire body is innervated by _____ |
spinal nerves |
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what is the distribution like with dermatomes |
segmental |
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all spinal nerves (except C1) supply______ |
dermatomes |
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small diameter fibers that transit sensory information slowly and without precise localization |
Spinothalamic system |
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what are the two tracts of the spinothalamic system |
lateral spinothalamic tract and anterior spinothalamic tract |
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what does the lateral spinothalamic tract deal with |
pain and temperature |
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what does the anterior spinothalamic tract deal with |
crude touch |
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where does the spinothalamic tract cross over in the cord |
at level of first synapse |
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ascending sensory tracts of spinal cord white matter |
lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts |
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pathway of LST and AST |
dorsal horn neurons-thalamus-s.s cortex |
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what does the Dorsal column system consist of |
large diameter fibers |
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what do the large diameter fibers transmit |
sensory information with great speed and precise localization |
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two tracts of the dorsal column system |
fasciculus gracilis and faciculus cuneatus |
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where is the fasciculus gracilis |
from the lower 1/2 of the body |
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where is the fasciculus cuneatus |
from the upper 1/2 of the body |
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functions of the faciculus gracilis and cuneatus |
fine touch, conscious proprioception |
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pathway of the faciculus gracilis and cuneatus |
medulla oblongata-thalamus-s.s cortex |
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what doe the spinocerebellar system |
fibers that transmit unconscious proprioceptive information |
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where do the fibers of spinocerebellar system trasmit to |
to the cerebellum (pain,crude touch and pressure |
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where is the cross over in the posterior column tracts |
in the medulla |
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Descending pathways |
1. Pyramidal system |
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what does the pyramidal system consist of |
all fibers originating in the precentral gyrus and projecting on to subcortical structures |
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what does the pyramidal system consist of |
lateral corticospinal and anterior cortcospinal tracts |
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what percent of lateral corticospinal tract is corticospinal fibers |
80% |
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what percent of anterior corticospinal tract is corticospinal fibers
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20% |
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where does crossing over occur in the lateral corticospinal tract |
pyramidal decussation in the medulla |
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where does crossing over occur in the anterior corticospinal tract
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spinal cord at the level of the synapse |
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modalities of pyramidal tracts |
fine, precise motor movement |
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what are the extrapyramidal tracts |
all the other descending tracts except the pyramidal tracts |
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what do the extrapyramidal tracts consist of |
1. rubrospinal 2. vestibulospinal 3. reticulospinal 4. tectospinal |
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function of the extrapyramidal tract |
subconscious movements, posture |
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upper motor neuron lesions: upper motor neuron syndrome |
stroke |
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where are reflexes intact with a upper motor neuron lesion: stroke |
between brain and spinal cord |
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lower motor neuron lesions: lower motor neuron syndrome |
poliomyelitis |
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during lower motor neuron syndrome where are reflexes absent |
between muscle and spinal cord |
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what does the ventral primary ramus innervate |
anterolateral trunk muscles + muscles of the extremities and overlying skin |
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what does the dorsal primary ramus innervate |
deep muscles of the back and overlying skin |
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where do the spinal nerves emerge from |
intervertebral foramina |
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what do spinal nerves divide into |
ventral and dorsal rami |
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what forms a plexus |
the ventral rami of all spinal nerves (except T2-T12) join with ventral rami of adjacent nerves |
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Brachial Plexus (C5-C8, T1) |
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Lumbar Plexus (T12), L1-L4 |
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Sacral Plexus (L4, L5, S1-S4) |
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what occurs during a lumbar puncture |
CSF is withdrawn from the subarachnoid space |
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where does epidural anesthesia inserted |
epidural space |
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absence of vertebral laminae |
spina bifida |
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where do dorsal column tracts cross over |
in the medulla |
