Advanced Criminology Exam 2 Polk

Front 1

blank refers to the breakdown of the power of informal community rules to regulate conduct.

Back 1

Social disorganization (location, location, location)

Front 2

Which terms refers to Emile Durkheim can refer to normalness?

Back 2

Anomie

Front 3

blank exists in small isolated, and self-sufficient pre-state societies in which individuals share values and emotional ties.

Back 3

Mechanical Solidarity

Front 4

According to Merton’s strain theory a youth who responds to difficulties in school by blank has engaged in conformity.

Back 4

Studying harder to boost grades

Front 5

The first criminological theory to be developed in the United States is Human ecology theory which was known as the blank school.

Back 5

Chicago

Front 6

According to Messner and Rosenfeld what is the answer to the high crime rate in the United States?

Back 6

Decommodification

Front 7

Which theory is Robert Agnew associated?

Back 7

General Strain Theory (General Agnew)

Front 8

Cloward and Ohlin individuals who are born into an established and organized and delinquent subcultures join what kind of gang?

Back 8

Criminal

Front 9

According to Cohen difficulty adjusting to middle class measuring rods can lead to blank.

Back 9

Status frustration

Front 10

Identify the theorists known for identifying barriers for legitimate success and there are also barriers for illegitimate success.

Back 10

Cloward & Ohlin

Front 11

Identify the theorist known for suggesting that crime is a normal and inevitable social phenomenon.

Back 11

Durkheim (Normal <-> Anomie)

Front 12

A high school student steals money from a classmate’s locker how would strain theory account for this crime?

Back 12

The offender engaged in innovation to reach a legitimate goal through illegitimate means.

Front 13

Mark which of the following that serve as functions within gangs for many of its members.

Back 13

Friendship groups

Front 14

Which mode of adaption is characterized by the rejection of legitimate cultural goals and the institutionalized means of obtaining them?

Back 14

Retreatism

Front 15

Which of Miller’s focal concerns means personal freedom?

Back 15

Autonomy

Front 16

The blank perspective views society as a system of mutually sustaining parts characterized by broad normative consensus.

Back 16

consensus

Front 17

Which of the following is the most common mode of adaption?

Back 17

Conformity

Front 18

Affluent neighborhoods possess blank collective efficacy.

Back 18

(A)strong

Front 19

Inadequate socialization will result in the blank response whereby the conflict and frustration are eliminated by relinquishing the institutional means and retaining the success aspiration.

Back 19

innovation

Front 20

Sanchez-Jankowski defines gangs as what?

Back 20

Seeking economic success within the confines of limited opportunities.

Front 21

blank (who) defined the concept of operant psychology to differential association theory.

Back 21

Ron (McDonald operator) Akers

Front 22

blank argues that individual behavior is shaped through the process of reinforcement and/or punishment.

Back 22

Social learning theory (shaped learn-ding)

Front 23

Frank Tannenbaum referred to the process of labeling a person criminal as what?

Back 23

Dramatization of evil

Front 24

Offender arrests for shoplifting states that the store is owned by huge company and they wouldn’t have noticed?

Back 24

Denial of injury

Front 25

An offender arrested for assault said I had to do it, he was threatening my little sister & I had to protect her is an example of what?

Back 25

Appeal to higher loyalty

Front 26

blank shifts focus from the actor to the reactor in exploring the causes of crime.

Back 26

Labeling theory (start the reactor)

Front 27

According to Lemur blank deviance is the initial non-conforming act that comes to the attention of the authorities.

Back 27

primary

Front 28

According to lemur blank deviance is deviance that results from how other react to them.

Back 28

secondary

Front 29

Which of the following theorists is associated with labeling theory?

Back 29

Frank Tannenbaum

Front 30

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, most criminals

Back 30

Lacks patience, persistence and diligence

Front 31

Which theory argues that an individual’s propensity for crime comes from incompetent parenting and tends to persist thereafter?

Back 31

Self-control theory (bad childhood = criminal)

Front 32

What groups of theories does feminist theory fall under?

Back 32

Political conflict

Front 33

Which of these do not apply?

Back 33

Men have higher levels of oxytocin than women

Front 34

The increase participation in the workforce which granted women greater opportunities to commit job related crimes is part of which theory?

Back 34

Emancipation hypothesis

Front 35

The view that offenders are risk taking, oriented to the present, and lacking in patience is most representative of which theory?

Back 35

Self-control theory (me, me, me)

Front 36

Which of the following provides an explanation for how people learn to commit crime from those around them?

Back 36

Differential Association theory (diffusion)

Front 37

Which (who) of the following is credited with neutralization theory?

Back 37

(neutral BD) Sykes and Matza

Front 38

According to differential association theory blank became favorable to law violation according to the frequency, duration, priority, and intensity of exposure to them.

Back 38

definitions

Front 39

The most popular in enduring control theory is what?

Back 39

Social bonds theory (Enduring Freedom = Brotherhood bond)

Front 40

Mark all of the following that are part of the four elements according to Hirschi.

Back 40

(d.)involvement (technically ALL OF THE ABOVE)

Front 41

Major criticism of blank theory is that it is a general theory meant to explain all crime.

Back 41

self-control (ex. in the moment, crazy people)

Front 42

Left realists are distinguished from Marxists by their emphasis on what?

Back 42

Practical social policy implications

Front 43

The blank perspective of criminology encompasses Marxism, conflict,and feminist theories.

Back 43

critical school of thought

Front 44

blank (who) is known for arguing that conflict is rooted in multiple aspects of social life not just economic struggle.

Back 44

Max Weber (German Nazi life)

Front 45

One insight in blank is that acting “bad” is not necessarily incompatible with femininity since gender has different meaning in different social contexts.

Back 45

structured action theory

Front 46

A major critique of blank is that its view of crime as a social construct may not give proper recognition to mala en se crimes.

Back 46

conflict theory (does not give credit where credit is do)

Front 47

According to George Vold gangs are an example of blank whose interests are sufficiently on the margins of mainstream society that all activities are criminalized.

Back 47

minority power groups

Front 48

The central concept of blank is hegemonic masculinity.

Back 48

structured action theory

Front 49

Moods, social ability and reactivity are components of a person’s?

Back 49

Temperament

Front 50

The theorist identified with lifestyle theory is blank.

Back 50

Glen Walters.

Front 51

The National Academy of Sciences and American Psychological Association task-force have concluded that blank are not biased against any one group.

Back 51

IQ tests

Front 52

The social push hypothesis refers to which of the following?

Back 52

Refers to anti-social behavior in the absence of psychological risk factors is most likely biologically based

Front 53

Upon hearing the murder of a child in the news Johnny feels the pain of the parents.

Back 53

Empathy

Front 54

Which of the following is the tendency to act without giving much thought to the consequences?

Back 54

Impulsiveness

Front 55

Individuals with a highly sensitive reticular activating system are known as what?

Back 55

Augmenters

Front 56

blank is defined as behavior that inflicts physical or mental harm or property loss or damage on others.

Back 56

Anti-social behavior

Front 57

Which of the following best represents the findings regarding the relationship between genetic influences and anti-social behavior?

Back 57

Genetic influences are more strongly linked to adult behavior than juvenile behavior

Front 58

According, to neuroscience, what largely determines the patterns of neuron connections?

Back 58

Experiences

Front 59

Hoping to acquire a sexual partner, Johnny spends a good deal of time getting ready for his night out, according to experts?

Back 59

Mating Effort

Front 60

Reward dominance theory, is a neurological theory that says behavior is regulated by two opposing mechanisms which are?

Back 60

BAS & BIS

Front 61

Blank is associated with the functioning of fight or flight system.

Back 61

Adrenaline

Front 62

The behavior inhibition system is associated with which neurotransmitter?

Back 62

Serotonin (feel good chemical)

Front 63

Blank theory is a neurological theory that based on the proposition that behavior is regulated by 2 opposing mechanisms.

Back 63

Reward dominance

Front 64

The blank provides us with knowledge about how others see us.

Back 64

Prefrontal cortex

Front 65

Mark all of those that have been found to be associated with greater involvement in criminal behavior.

Back 65

The younger the age of onset of sexual behavior