Adolescent Psychology Ch. 1 Biological Transitions

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Puberty

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the biological changes of adolescence

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early adolescence

Back 2

the period spanning roughly ages 10-13, corresponding roughly to the junior or middle high school years.

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middle adolescence

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the period spanning roughly age 14-17, corresponding to the high school years.

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late adolescence

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the period spanning roughly ages 18-21, corresponding approximately to the college years.

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emerging adulthood

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the period spanning roughly ages 18-25, during which individuals make the transition from adolescence to adulthood.

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rite of passage

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a ceremony or ritual marking an individual’s transition from one social status to another, especially marking the young person’s transition to adulthood.

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psychosocial

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referring to aspects of development that are both psychological and social in nature, such as developing a sense of identity or sexuality.

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identity

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the domain of psychosocial development involving self-conceptions, self-esteem, and the sense of who one is.

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autonomy

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the psychosocial domain concerning the development and expression of identity.

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intimacy

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the psychosocial domain concerning the formation, maintenance, and termination of close relationships.

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achievement

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the psychosocial domain concerning behaviors and feelings in evaluate situations.

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microsystem

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in the ecological perspective on human development, the immediate settings in which adolescents develop, such as the family or the peer group.

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mesosystem

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in the ecological perspective on human development, the layer of the environment formed by two or more immediate settings, as in the home-school

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exosystem

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in the ecological perspective on human development, the layer of the environment that does not directly contain the developing person but that affects the setting in which the person lives.

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macrosystem

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in the ecological perspective on human development, the outermost layer of the environment, containing forces such as history and culture.

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endocrine system

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the system of the body that produces, circulates, and regulates hormones.

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hormones

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highly specialized substances secreted by one or more endocrine glands.

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glands

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organs that stimulate particular parts of the body to respond in specific ways to particular hormones

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gonadotropin-release hormone (GnRH) neurons

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specialized neurons that are activated by certain pubertal hormones.

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set point

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a physiological level or setting (e.g. of a specific hormone) that the body attempts to maintain through a self-regulating system.

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feedback loop

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a cycle through which two or more bodily functions respond to and regulate each other, such as that formed by the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland and the gonads.

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pituitary gland

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one of the chief glands responsible for regulating levels of hormones in the body.

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HPG (hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal) axis

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the neurophysiological pathway that involves the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads.

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androgens

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a class of sex hormones secreted by the gonads, found in both sexes, but in higher levels among males than females following puberty.

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estrogens

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a class of sex hormones secreted by the gonads, found in both sexes, but in higher levels among females than males following puberty.

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adrenarche

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the mutation of the adrenal glands that takes place during adolescence.

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leptin

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a protein produced by the fat cells that may play a role in the onset of puberty

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cortisol

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a hormone produced when we are exposed to stress.

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peak height velocity

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the point at which the adolescent is growing most rapidly.

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tanner stages

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a widely used system used to describe the five stages of pubertal development.

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gonads

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the glands that secrete sex hormones; in males, the testes; in females the ovaries.

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secondary sex characteristics

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the manifestations of sexual maturity at puberty, including the development of breasts, the growth of facial and body hair, and changes in the voice.

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pharomones

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a class of chemicals secreted by animals that stimulate certain behaviors in other members of the species.

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secular trend

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the tendency, over the past two centuries, for individuals to be larger in stature and to reach puberty earlier, primarily because of improvements in health and nutrition

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organization role of hormones

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the process through which early exposure to hormones, especially prenatally, organizes the brain or other organs in anticipation of later changes in behavior or patterns of growth.

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delayed phase preferance

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a pattern of sleep characterized by later sleep and wake times, which usually emerges during puberty.

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longitudinal study

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a study that follows the same group of individuals over time.

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cross sectional study

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a study that compares two or more groups of individuals at one point in time.

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activational role of hormones

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the process through which changes in hormone levels, especially at puberty, stimulate changes in the adolescent’s behavior, appearance, and growth

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adolescent growth spurt

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the dramatic increase in height and weight that occurs during puberty.

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Primary sex characteristics

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the parts that change; testes, breasts, pubic hair

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menarche

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the time of the first menstruation, one of the most important changes that occur among females during puberty

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Theory of multiple intelligences

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1. verbal-psych
2.mathmatical-engineer
3.spacail- interior designer
4.kinstetic-athlete
5.self reflective - philosophy
6.interpersonal- politicians
7.musical

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individualistic

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characterized by individualism; independent and self-reliant. synonyms: unconventional, unorthodox, atypical, singular, unique, original, nonconformist, independent, individual,

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maturational deviance hypothesis

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An explanation for the effects of asynchronous development that attributes the effects of timing to changing adolescents’ status relative to their peers.