Abnormal Psych Exam 3

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Chapter 11

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Chapter 11

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Personality Disorders

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-when traits become more inflexible in a socioculturally deviant and maladaptive way, causing distress or impairment

-oftentimes, more distress to others than affected person

-disorders are considered categories in which a person has the disorder or not; no grey areas

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Personality Disorders Facts

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-Usually onset in adolescence or early adulthood

-3 clusters

Cluster A: odd or eccentric

Cluster B: dramatic, emotional, or erratic

Cluster C: anxious or fearful

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Paranoid Personality Disorder

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-Cluster A

- pervasive unjustified distrust without, or despite, evidence to the contrary

-borderline delusional

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Schizoid Personality Disorder

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-Cluster A

-detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotion

-brief psychotic episodes may be diagnosed in times of stress, no hallucinations/delusions

-Batman

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Schizotypal Personality Disorder

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-Cluster A

-pervasive deficit in social skills resulting in few close relationships, cognitive/perceptual distortions and eccentric behavior

-Willy Wanka

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

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-Cluster B

-Pervasive disregard for others without empathy

-Psychopaths/Sociopaths

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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-Cluster B

-Pretentious (grandiosity) and aggression, Need for admiration, lack of empathy

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Borderline Personality Disorder

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-Cluster B

-pervasive instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect

-incredibly unstable relationships and intense mood/behavior swings

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Histrionic Personality Disorder

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-Cluster B

-Excessive emotionality and attention seeking behavior

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Avoidant Personality Disorder

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-Cluster C

-Pervasive social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

-fear of separation

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Dependent Personality Disorder

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-Cluster C

-Pervasive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation

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Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder

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-Cluster C

-pervasive preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and control at the expense of flexibility, openness and efficiency

-Sheldon Cooper

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Chapter 12

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Chapter 12

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Childhood affects on psychopathology

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-children may develop risk factors for "adult" diagnoses, such as an over reactive temperament which may predispose a personality disorder

-children may also be diagnosed with childhood disorders, some of which persist into adulthood (Intellectual Disability) and some of which may not.

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Intellectual Disability

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-Deficits in intellectual functions such as reasoning and problem solving, confirmed by both clinical assessment and intelligence testing

-Deficits in adaptive functioning resulting in failure to meet developmental milestones

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Intellectual Disabilities (ID's)

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-Down Syndrome: third chromosome present on 21st set, ID with mild to moderate rage

-Fragile X Syndrome: gene turned off on X chromosome, most common ID

-Phenylketonuria (PKU): genetic disorder where body can't break down phenylalanine, mental and physical abnormalities

-Fatal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): leading preventable environmental cause of intellectual disability

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Specific Learning Disorder

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-difficulties learning and using academic skill

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

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-Learning Disorder

-persistent deficits in social communication and interaction

-requires support/substantial support/ very substantial support

-social deficits and repetitive behaviors

-Not caused by vaccines

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Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder

(ADHD)

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-Learning Disorder

-Inattentive or hyperactive symptoms

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Oppositional/Defiant Disorder

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Angry/irritable mood that lasts +6 months

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Conduct Disorder

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persistant violation of the basic rights of others or societal norms

-theft

-aggression to people

-destruction of property

-serious rule violations

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Chapter 13

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Chapter 13

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Geropsychology

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addresses issues of aging, usually focusing on those 65 and older

-only about 1/3 older adults said to be aging successfully

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Selective Optimization and Compensation

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-succesfull aging tool

-individuals that modify their goals and choices to best use their personal characteristics and abilities to engage in rewarding activieies and optimize social, mental, and physical functioning

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Older Adults Psychological Symptoms

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-20% meet criteria for psychological disorder (depression, anxiety) but only 1/2 of that 30% get treated

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Bipolar and Depressive Disorders (older adults)

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-same criteria as younger adults but symptoms often unreported for fear of being viewed as "crazy"

-Depression often follows medical diagnoses

-Suicide 2x more likely

-Bipolar onset unlikely during this age however could be having relapse or recent stroke/medication change

-treatment must begin with physical exam to rule out medical causes

-more common women

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Anxiety Disorders (older adults)

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-worry may worsen physical symptoms and medications may induce anxiety symptoms

-approx 11% older adults suffer from an anxiety disorder (Specific phobia/GAD most common)

-more common women

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Substance Use Disorders (older adults)

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-prevalence expected to double from 2002 to 2020 (5.7 million)

-more likely to experience medical and safety problems leading up to this

-more common men than women

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Late onset Schizophrenia

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late = 45

very late = 65 (medical illness: Alzheimer's)

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Major/Mild neurocognitive disorder

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cognitive decline from previous level of performance

major= deficits interfere with independence in daily life (paying bills, managing medications)

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Alzheimer's Disease

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-type of dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking, and behavior through the death of brain cells (75% neurocognitive cases)

living diagnoses based on symptoms, true diagnoses in autopsy

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Vascular Disease

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-Stroke: blood supply to the brain is interrupted or reduced depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients causing brain death

-loss memory function/ability to talk and understand language

-stroke can increase susceptibility to Alzheimer's

-post stroke = vascular depression

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Substance/Medication Use (Alcohol)

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-less socially impaired and more physically impaired (tolerance less, feel more effects)

-decrease neural firing, decreased memory

-Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

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Traumatic Brain Injury

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-brain dysfunction caused by an outside force (violent blow to the head)

*could cause PTSD

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

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-hinders body's ability to fight diseases and attacks body's own immune system

-reduces number of T cells increasing susceptibility to disease (cancer)

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Parkinson's Disease

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-central nervous system disorder that is caused by the deterioration of the central nervous system

-caused by not enough dopamine

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Huntington's Disease

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-inherited condition in which nerve cells in the brain break down over time (50% chance if one parent has the disorder)

-late/end stages = not able to speak or walk

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Chapter 14

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Chapter 14

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health psychology

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-incorporates psychology to understand and address how attitudes and behavior may impact heath and illness

-study how people develop positive and negative health habits

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Stress

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-body's emotional, physical, chemical and mental reaction to things that excite, frighten, and/or danger you

-fight or flight system

-acute (burglary) or chronic (illness)

-major (beginning college) or daily hassle (late to class)

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stressors (?)

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anything or anyone that causes stress

-environments

-events

-relationships

-approx 70% doctors visits stress-related

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Distress vs Eustress

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Distress: bad stress

Eustress: good stress (motivation)

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Stress Appraisal

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1) primary: assess potential harm

2) secondary: assess potential action

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General Adaptation Syndrome

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1)Alarm

2)Resistance

3)Exhaustion

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Alarm

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body mobilizes to meet threat

-increase HR

-alert and shock

-mobilized and ready to fight back

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Resistance

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body attempts to cope with threat

(maintaining sympathetic arousal)

-temp, BP, and HR remain high

-adrenal glands pump hormones into blood

-fully engaged with stressorBeha

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Exhaustion

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body's resources are depleted, increasing vulnerability to diseases

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Behavior and Medical Illness

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-Healthy eating (primary impact health)

-Exercise and Physical Activity (30 min/day)

-Substance use (increases illness chances)

-Sleep (7-9 hrs a night recommended)

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Insomnia

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Dissatisfaction with sleep quality/quantity

Sleep difficulty 3 nights/week 3+ weeks

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Sleep Hygiene

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S- set regular bedtime and rise time

L- limit bed to sleep and sex

E- exit bed if not asleep in 15-20 mins

E- eliminate naps

P- put away all light substances