A Level Chemistry - Organic Synthesis

Front 1

Define a nucleophile

Back 1

An atom or group of atoms which is attracted to an electron deficient centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond

Front 2

Define an electrophile

Back 2

An atom or group of atoms that which is attracted to an electron rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond

Front 3

What are examples of some nucleophiles?

Back 3

Water molecules, H2O:

Hydroxide ions, :OH-

Ammonia molecules, :NH3

Front 4

How do you convert an alkene to an alcohol

Back 4

Using H3PO4 and Steam (H2O)

Hydration reaction

Front 5

How do you convert an alcohol to an alkene

Back 5

Using concentrated H3PO4

Dehydration reaction

Front 6

How do you get from an alkene to a dihaloalkane?

Back 6

Using a halogen

Electrophilic addition reaction

Front 7

How do we convert an alkene into an alkane

Back 7

Using H2 and a nickel catalyst

150C

Hydrogenation ( a type of addition reaction )

Front 8

How do we convert an alkane into a haloalkane?

Back 8

G

UV and a halogen

Halogenation

Front 9

How do we convert a haloalkane into an alcohol?

Back 9

Ethanol solvent

NaOH-/ or KOH

Nucleophilic addition

Front 10

How do we convert an alcohol into a haloalkane?

Back 10

Nucleophilic substitution

H2SO4

Na Halide

Front 11

How do you convert an alkene into a haloalkane

Back 11

Using a hydrogen halide

Electrophilic addition (halogenation)

Front 12

Give an example of a electrophilic addition reaction

Back 12

The electron pair in the c=c goes to the Br (it's an electrophile - accepts the electron pair)

Halogen bonds to the carbon in the double bond with the most Hydrogens already bonded to it

Front 13

Give an example of nucleophilic substitution

Back 13

Charges on the c and halogen

Nucleophile attacks on side opposite of the halogen

Nucleophike donates an electron pair to the carbon

Halogen gets booted off

Front 14

How do we get from a primary alcohol to an Aldehyde

Back 14

Distil

Use K2Cr2O7 and H2SO4

Front 15

How do we go from an Aldehyde to a carboxylic acid?

Back 15

Reflux K2Cr2O4 /H2SO4

Front 16

How do we go straight from a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid?

Back 16

Front 17

How do we go from a secondary alcohol to a ketone

Back 17

Reflux K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4

Front 18

What is the functional group for Aldehydes?

Back 18

Front 19

What is the functional group for ketones?

Back 19

Front 20

What are the different ways you can get a haloalkane?

Back 20

Alcohol to haloalkane

Alkene to haloalkane

Alkane to haloalkane

Alcohol to alkene to haloalkane

Alkene to alcohol to haloalkane

Alcohol to alkene to alkane to haloalkane

Front 21

What are the different ways to grt an alcohol

Back 21

Haloalkane to alcohol

Alkene to alcohol

Front 22

How do we go from an alkane to an alkene

Back 22

Dehydrogenation

Front 23

How do we go from a dihaloalkane to an alkene

Back 23

Dehalogenation

Front 24

How to go from haloalkane to alkene

Back 24

Elimination reaction