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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is immunisation? |
The process by which a person develops immunity by producing antibodies to a pathogen. |
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How does a vaccination work? |
Acts as an antigen to stimulate specific immune response |
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What is added to vaccines? |
Antigens like dead or weakened pathogens and adjuvants. |
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What is an adjuvant? |
A chemical that promotes the activity of the antigen to improve the immune response. |
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What is herd immunity? |
When a large percentage of the population are immunised. |
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How does herd immunity work? |
Non-immune individuals are protected as there is a lower probability of them coming into contact with infected individuals. |
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Why is herd immunity important? |
It reduces the spread of disease. |
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Why are mass vaccination programmes important? |
They establish herd immunity |
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What are the problems with mass vaccinations in the developing world? What about in developed countries? |
developing- Countries can't afford, Countries that have a problem with poverty as immune systems could be too weak for vaccines developed - adverse population |
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What is the herd immunity threshold ? |
The % of a population that need to be immune so to a disease no longer persists in a community. |
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The herd immunity threshold depends on what? |
The type of diseasex the effectiveness of the vaccine and the density of the population |
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What is antigenic variation? |
When pathogens change their antigens and are able to evade specific immune response. |
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Why must a new vaccine be developed for influenza each year? |
The influenza viruses uses antigenic variation to evade specific immune response. Each year new strains of virus can infect so each year a new vaccine must be made. |
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What are clinical trials used to establish? |
The safety of the vaccine The efficiency of the vaccine |
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Explain randomised protocol during clinal trials and why this is done |
Patients are split into groups using a computer to eliminate bias. |
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What is a placebo? |
A treatment that seems identical the real one but lacks active ingredient |
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What is placebo-controlled protocol and why is it used? |
The test group receives the real vaccine and the control group receives the placebo so a valid comparison can be made between the two |
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What is the placebo effect? |
When people feel better when using a placebo as they think they are getting real treatment and expect to get better. |
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What is double blind protocol? |
Neither the doctor not the patient knows which treatment is real and which is placebo |
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Why are large groups used for clinical vaccines? |
To reduce experiment error and establish statistical significance |
