2Nd Semester Earth Science Water

Front 1

Analyze ways in which moving water can carve a landscape.

Back 1

It carries sediments in streams and rivers and deposits them.

Front 2

Describe the three ways in which a stream carries its load.

Back 2

Suspension- Small particles can be held up by the stream's running water.
Bed Load- Sediment that is large can be rolled or pushed.
Solution- Materials are dissolved.

Front 3

Analyze the relationship between the carrying capacity of a stream and its discharge and velocity.

Back 3

The averages are proportional as one goes up, the other ones do too.

Front 4

Determine why little water from runoff infiltrates the ground in areas with steep slopes.

Back 4

Most of the water travels down the slope instead.

Front 5

Determine how a floodplain forms and why people live on them.

Back 5

Floodplains form from excess water during times of flooding. People may live on them because it makes the soils fertile.

Front 6

Analyze how levees form.

Back 6

Levees form naturally by the sediments accumulating along the edges of a river.

Front 7

Describe the water cycle.

Back 7

The water cycle is a never-ending, natural circulation of water through Earth's systems.

Sublimation or Evaporation--> Condensation--> Precipitation--> Runoff or Infiltration (Groundwater)--> Ocean or Transpiration

Front 8

Define hard water.

Back 8

Hard water is water that contains high concentrations of calcium, magnesium, or iron.

Front 9

List the agents responsible for groundwater pollution.

Back 9

~Infiltration from fertilizers
~Leaks from storage tanks
~Drainage of acid from mines
~Seepage from faulty septic tanks
~Saltwater intrusion into aquifers near shorelines
~Leaks from waste disposal sites
~Radon

Front 10

What are the factors that determine whether water will runoff or infiltrate.

Back 10

soil competition; rate of precipitation; vegetation; slope

Front 11

What is groundwater?

Back 11

Water that infiltrates Earth's surface. Surface either evaporates, flows away, or becomes groundwater..

Front 12

Stream Load is what?

Back 12

Material that a stream carries.

Front 13

What is infiltration?

Back 13

Process by which precipitation has fallen on land trickles into the ground and becomes groundwater.

Front 14

What is the zone of saturation?

Back 14

The region below Earth's surface in which groundwater conpletely fills all the pores of a material.

Front 15

Water table

Back 15

Upper boundary of the zone of accumulation

Front 16

Zone of aeration is what?

Back 16

Above the water table, materials are moist but not saturated with water, air occupies much of the pores.

Front 17

Permeability is what?

Back 17

The tendency of a material to let water pass through.

Front 18

What is an aquifer?

Back 18

Permeable sediment and rock.

Front 19

What is an aquiclude?

Back 19

Impermeable layers of rock.

Front 20

What are springs?

Back 20

Natural discharges of groundwater

Front 21

What are hot springs?

Back 21

When spring's discharge water is much warmer than average annual temperature.

Front 22

Geysers are what?

Back 22

Explosive hot springs that have higher temperatures than the human body.

Front 23

What is porosity?

Back 23

The amount of pore space in a material

Front 24

What are the factors that affect inflitration?

Back 24

Vegetation, slope, soil composition, and rate of precipitation.

Front 25

Explain how the movement of groundwater is related to the water cycle.

Back 25

Groundwater will eventually evaporate, but it takes a while to get to the ocean.

Front 26

Describe how the water in hot springs get hot.

Back 26

They emerge from aquifers that descend to tremendous depths in Earth's crust in which deep, hot water rises.

Front 27

Analyze the factors that determine flow velocity.

Back 27

Slope of the water table
and
Permeability of material through which groundwater is moving.

Front 28

Differentiate between porosity and permeability in subsurface materials.

Back 28

Permeability is the tendency of materials to let water pass through them,
and Porosity is the amount of pore space in a material.

Front 29

infer why it is beneficial for a community to have an aquiclude beneath an aquifer from which it draws its water supply.

Back 29

The water will be unable to seep into the material beneath it, so they can have a bigger water table.

Front 30

When does carbonic acid form?

Back 30

Carbonic acid forms when carbon dioxide gas dissolves in water and combines with water molecules.

Front 31

What is a cave?

Back 31

A cave is a natural underground opening that has a connection to Earth's surface.

Front 32

What is a sinkhole?

Back 32

A sinkhole is a depression in the ground caused by the collapse of a cave or by the direct dissolution of limestone by acidic water.

Front 33

What is karst topography?

Back 33

Karst topography is when limestone regions have sinkholes and disappearing streams.

Front 34

What is a stalactite?

Back 34

A stalactite is a form of dripstone that hangs from the the cave's ceiling like icicles and forms gradually.

Front 35

What is a stalagmite?

Back 35

A stalagmite is a mound-shaped dripstone

Front 36

What can form when stalagmites and stalactites meet?

Back 36

Dripstone columns

Front 37

How is limestone weathered and identify the features that are formed as a result of this dissolution?

Back 37

Carbonic acid dissolves limestone. Sinkholes and caves are the result or can be the result of this dissolution.

Front 38

Identify the acid that is most common in groundwater.

Back 38

Carbonic Acid

Front 39

What is a well?

Back 39

A well is a hole dug or drilled into the ground to reach an aquifer.

Front 40

Drawdown is what?

Back 40

The difference between the original water table level and the water level in the pumped well.

Front 41

What is recharge?

Back 41

Water from precipitation that replenishes the water content of an aquifer.

Front 42

What is an artesian well?

Back 42

When the rate of recharge is high enough, the pressurized water in a well drilled into an artesian aquifer can spurt above the land surface in the form of a fountain.

Front 43

Evaluate the problems associated with overpumping wells.

Back 43

It can lower the local water level and results in a cone of depression around the well. This is called subsidence.

Front 44

Explain why artesian wells contain water under pressure.

Back 44

The water at the top of the slope exerts gravitational force on the water downslope. Impermeable layers above and below.

Front 45

differentiate between the effects of radon and the effects of salt dissolved in groundwater.

Back 45

You can tell if there is salt, but not radon... by your senses

Front 46

how do you best prevent groundwater pollution in a residential area?

Back 46

have a treatment system.

Front 47

Which single source of freshwater represents the largest volume of freshwater worldwide readily available for use by humans?

Back 47

Groundwater deposits

Front 48

Sinkholes may eventually join to form what?

Back 48

wide valleys

Front 49

What is the name of the layer of sediment or rock that does not allow water to flow through it?

Back 49

aquiclude

Front 50

In which layer do the pores contain mostly air although the materials are moist?

Back 50

the zone of aeration

Front 51

Which characteristics so most areas with karst topography share?

Back 51

humid areas with limestone bedrock

Front 52

What is the vertical movement of water through ground layers?

Back 52

infiltration

Front 53

What is the replacement of water content in an aquifer?

Back 53

recharge

Front 54

What are the two features that are most often associated with the formation of springs?

Back 54

surface of Earth and a water table

Front 55

Classify where the water table is located in a lake or wetland as opposed to a region with no standing water.

Back 55

The water table is at the surface for lakes and wetlands, and subsurface for areas with no standing water.