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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ATs work with |
physicians, coaches,parents,administrators, |
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Work settings |
clinics, secondary schools,colleges and universities, professional sports, military, corporate/industrial, performing arts, entertainment(cirque de soleil) |
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S.E Bilik |
wrote the "the trainers bible" |
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NATA |
national athletic trainer association founded in late 1930s |
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6 domains of AT |
prevention, clinical evaluation,immediate care , treatment (rehab &reconditioning), organization & administation & professional responsibilities |
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BOC |
board of certification |
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WOTS |
weakness, opportunities , threats, strengths |
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sprain |
ligament |
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strain |
muscle & tendon |
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anterior,posterior,superior,inferior,distal, proximal,medial,lateral |
front,back,above,below, farther away,closer to, toward the middle,away from the middle |
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strain classification grade 1 |
muscle fibers are stretched or torn |
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grade 2 |
large amount of fibers are torn |
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grade 3 |
complete rupture common in (biceps tendon,achilles tendon) surgically repairedin large tendons with great force. MUST AVOID REINJURY |
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How do strains occur |
dehydration,fatigue,neuromuscular control,improper training,poor warm up,over striding,alcohol |
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muscle cramping |
involuntary muscle contraction |
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what can cause muscle cramps |
frequently caused by dehydration , electrolyte loss & mechanism can simulate a strain |
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sprain |
injury to a ligament |
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classification of sprain grade 1 |
some stretching and seperation of ligament fibers, minimal joint stability |
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grade 2 |
some tearing and seperation of fibers, moderate joint instability |
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grade 3 |
complete rupture of a ligament, severe joint instability |
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most common sprain |
later ankle spain |
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common sprains |
later ankle sprain , anterior cruciate ligament,medial cruciate ligament , radial collateral ligament(thumb) ulnar collateral ligament ulnar collateral ligament (elbow) |
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lateral ankle sprain ligaments affected |
excessive inversion of ankle/foot ATFL,CF,PTFL |
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Medial ankle sprain ligaments affected |
excessive eversion ankle.foot deltoid ligament |
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fractures classified as |
open closed direct indirect |
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fracture classifications |
greenstick(common in adolscents , incomplete breaks), comminuted ( 3 or more fragments,) linear (bone splits along its length) , transverse non- displaced (occur in a straight line) , oblique(sudden torsion ) spiral (an s-shaped seperation ), serrated (2 bony fragements sharp edge ) depressed (falling and striking the head) contrecoup (the opposite side of where the trauma occured) |
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contribute to stress fracture |
Amenorrhea, Altered stress distribution, Repetitive stress, History of stress reactions in the same location
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Salter-HarrisClassifications
type 1 |
Complete separation of the physis to the metaphysis without fracture
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type 2 |
seperation of growth plate |
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type 3 |
fracture of the physis |
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type 4 Iv |
fracture of a portion of physis |
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type v |
no displacement |
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multiple contusions in the same location |
Myositis ossificans
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subluxation how they occur can it lead to dislocation |
when a bone is forced out of its alignment but relocates on its own similar to dislocations yes!!! |
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tendinosis |
osis 'chronic degeneration without inflammation |
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tendinitis |
inflammation of |
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tendon injuries |
tendon injuries are CHRONIC overuse injury |
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common dislocation |
shoulder, finger & elbow (avulsion fractures could occur) first time dislocation should be treated as fracture |
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dislocation is occur how |
when a bone is forced out of its alignment and must be manually reduced. process called diastasis (seperation of articulating bones |
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circadian dysrhthmia S&S |
jet lag travel east to west |
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hyperthermia |
body temp is elevated |
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liability negligence duty of care tort good samaritan law |
being legally responsible for the harm one causes another person. the failure to use ordinary or resonable care. part of an official job description. legal wrongs commited against the person or property of another. provides limited protection against legal liability to any person who voluntarily chooses to provide first aid. |
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musclecramps s&S TREATMENT |
–Dehydration –Thirst –Sweating –Transient muscle cramps –fatIGUE.
•Stop the activity •Replace lost fluids –Include a drink with sodium, not just water •Begin mild stretching with massage of the muscle spasm. |
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SICKLE CELL TRAIT COMMON IN |
CRESCENT SHAPED AFRICAN AMERICANS, NATIVE A, MEDITERRANEAN BEGINS AFTER 2-3 ,IM. OF SPRINTING No muscle twinges Different type of pain Slumps to the ground with weak muscles Muscles look and feel normal Lay fairly still, not yelling in pain MEDICAL EMERGENCY MISTAKEN FOR CARDIAC CRAMPING&HEAT CRAMPING |
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heat cramping |
•Stop the activity •Replace lost fluids –Include a drink with sodium, not just water •Begin mild stretching with massage of the muscle spasm
Often presents with muscle twinges More excruciating pain Stop workout with “locked-up” muscles Muscles visibly contracted Typically writhe and yell in pain |
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heat exhaustion DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEAT STROKE AND EXHAUSTION |
•Typically presents with minimal cognitive changes •Assess central nervous system to rule out more serious conditions for: –Bizarre behavior –Hallucinations –Altered mental status –Confusion –Disorientation –coma
STROKE TEMP IS 104f & ABOVE HEAT STROKE COOL BODY DOWN WITH ICE BATH |
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TYPES OF SHOCK |
Hypovolemic–Respiratory–Neurogenic–Psychogenic–Cardiogenic–Septic–Anaphylactic–metabolic
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SHOCK DEFINITION |
•Hypovolemic–Traumawhere there is blood loss–Decreasedblood volumeàdecreased bp•Respiratory–Lungsunable to supply enough O2 to blood
•Neurgenic–Generaldilation of blood vessels•Psychogenic–Fainting–Temporarydilation of blood vessels reducing blood flow to brain |
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SHOCK DEFINITION |
•Cardiogenic–Inabilityof the heart to pump enough blood to the body
•Septic–severeinfection, typically bacterial•Anaphylactic–Severeallergic reaction•Metabolic–Severeillness such as diabetes left untreated–Extremeloss of body fluid |
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SHOCK TREATMENT |
•Maintainbody temperature
•Elevatefeet and legs depending on cause of shock •Treatinjury causing shock as needed |
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COMMOTIO CORTIS |
TRAUMATIC BLUNT IMPACT CHEST RESULTING IN CARDIAC REST IMMEDIATE DEATH OCCURS IN ABOUT 50% BRIEF CONSCIOUSNESS BEFIRE COLLLAPSING MEDICAL EMERGENCY |
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sudden cardiac deaths |
Marfan's Syndrome Anomalous origin of the coronary artery
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Hypostatic cardiomyopathy MEDICAL EMERGENCY |
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SYNCOPE MEANS S&S |
FAINTING –Dizziness–Tunnelvision–Paleor sweaty skin–Decreasedpulse rate–Normalrectal temperature |
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mild hypothermia moderate hypoythermia severe hypothermia |
core temp 98.6-95F core temp 94-90 below 90F |
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TREAT HYPOTHERMIA |
mild hypothermia
•Remove wet or damp clothing •Insulate pt in warm, dry clothing or blankets •Move to a warm environment •Apply heat only to the trunk, axilla and groin when rewarming •Provide warm fluids and food containing carbohydrates •Avoid friction massage to tissues moderate/severe •Startprimary survey to determine if CPR is necessary •Removewet or damp clothing •Rewarmas you would with mild hypothermia•Transportand transfer into MD care |
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ExertionalHyponatremia
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•Increasingheadache•Significantmental compromise•Alteredconsciousness•Seizures•Lethargy•Swellingin the extremities•Ptmay have any hydration stateMEDICAL EMERGENCY
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MILD DEHYDRATION |
•LOSS OF LESS THAN 2% OF BODY WEIGHT
•Can impair cardiovascular and thermoregulatory response •Reduce capacity for exercise •Negative affect on performance |
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S&S |
•Thirst
•Drymouth •Headache •Dizziness •Irritability •Lethargy •Excessivefatigue •Possiblecramps |
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BRACHIAL PLEXUS INJURY |
STINGER |
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dermatome c1&c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 T1 l1 l2 l3 l4 l5 S1 |
top skull temp.bones side of neck base of neck thumb middle finger fifth finger aka pink medial humerus superior portion thigh midportion thigh inferior thigh distal lower leg down to the first toe lateral foot up and lateral lower leg achilles tendon |
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myotomes c5 c5,6 c7 c8 t1 l1,2 l5,s1 l3,4 l4 s1,2 l5 reflexes s1,2 l3,4 c5,6 c7,8 |
shoulder abduction **elbow flexion elbow ext , wist ext, finger ext. wrist flex, finger flex finger abduction hip flex hip ext,knee flex knee ext ankle dorsiflexion ankle planterflex 1st metatarsal ext ankle knee biceps triceps |
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•Spondylosis
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–Stress fracture at the pars interarticularis due to repetitive hyperextension of vertebrae. �
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•Spondylolisthesis
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–Separationof the stress fx andallowing the vertebrae to slip anteriorly. This puts the spinal cord at risk.
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compression fracture is a MEDICAL EMERGENCY |
ATHLETE LANDS ON THEIR BUTT HARD SURFAXE UNCOMMON THOUGH |
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Prior to return to play after a cervical injury, the patient needs to exhibit which of the following? Select all that apply ??
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Full strength Full ROM Be asymptomatic Have full confidence
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sam splint |
small enough to carry along with |
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Which type of padding is optimal to disperse forces?
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hard/high density foam |
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sign or symptom of a cervical injury
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Bilateral numbness/tingling
Neck Pain Lack of ability to move an extremity |
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•Temporary
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•TransientQuadriplegia
•TransientParaplegia |
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permanent |
•Quadriplegia•Paraplegia
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helmet fitting |
•Wet the players hair….why? •Simulate playing conditions
•The helmet should fit snuggly around all parts of the players head and no gaps should exist between the cheek pads and the head or face •The helmet should cover the base of the skull and the pads at the back of the neck should be snug but not to the extent of discomfort •It should not come down over the eyes but rather two finger widths above the players eyebrows ear holes match 3 finger width from nose helmet should not shift when manual pressure is applied |
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shoulder pad fitting |
•The width of the shoulder is measured to determine the proper size of pad •
•The inside shoulder pad should cover the tip of the shoulder in a direct line with the lateral aspect of the shoulder • •The epaulets and cups should cover the deltoid muscle and allow movements required by the athlete’s position •
•The neck opening must allow the athlete to raise the arm overhead but not allow the pad to slide back and forth • •If a split clavicle shoulder pad is used,the channel for the top of the shoulder must in the proper position• •Straps underneath the arm must hold thepads firmly in place, but not so they constrict the soft tissue. A collar anddrop-down pads may be added to provide more protection• •After fitting, make sure the pads don’tshift when the athlete puts on the jersey. |
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mouth guard fitting |
•Fit properly and tight
•Provide comfort •Provide unrestricted breathing •Provide unimpeded speech •Not obstruct air passages •Not fit past the last molar |
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straight semicurved curved over pronation over supinate |
flat foot normal foot over supinate (high arches) looks like ankles touching inward ankles outward |
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protective knee brace rehab brace func. knee brace |
•Used to minimize collateral ligamentdamage•Neoprene sleeves with medial/lateral support•Lateral Guards
•Following surgical repair for controlledprogressive immobilization •Braces-Worn during and following the rehabilitative period to provide support during functional activity •Ready to use or Custom made |
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3 layers of sole |
spongy layer mid sole rubber layer |
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prevent head injuries |
helmet mouth guard rules common sense |
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skull fract. depressed linear compound penetrating |
•pushes a portion of the skull inside toward the brain
•goes across the skull; results in tearing of blood vessels inside of skull •a portion of the skull will be sticking through the scalp •an object has gone through the scalp, skull and brain |
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concussion NEVER CLASSIFY |
•Temporary impairment of brain functioncaused by impact to the head or by a rotation force.
•Athlete may report feeling dazed,confused, or lose consciousness |
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RTP |
Return to Play Protocol (RTP) which is all over a 24 hour progression.
Day 1 will include light cardio for example walking, Day 2 is interval training which would include things like the stair master and burpees, Day 3 is a none contact practice which consist of only drills without any contact with the other teammates and finally Day 4 will be a full fledge on full contact practice. |
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SIDELINE TESTING |
SAC memory, concentration & physical inc jumping jacks & pushups SCAT3 backgroound info, symptom eval, physical evaluation an balance BESS TEST balance including single leg stance an tandem stance |
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concussion testing |
sac scat3 impact bess |
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epidural hematoma |
bleeding between dura mater and inner surface of the skull |
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sub archnoid hemorrhage |
nd pia materbleeding between aranchnoid ab |
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subdural hematoma |
subdural space |
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post concussion syndrome |
a concussion with long lasting sympotmes NO OBJECTIVE TEST MRI & CT ARE OFTEN NEGATIVE |
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SECOND IMPACT |
APPEARS 15 SEC-FEW MIN AFTER PLAY MENTAL DISABILITY EPILEPSY PARALYSIS 50% morality rate |
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mandible fract S&S Treatment |
fracture lower jaw common in collision sports deformity, loss of normal occlusion of the teeth pain when biting down bleeding around the teeth elastic bandage |
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tmj dysfunction treatment |
clicking of the jaw headaches earaches inflammation neck pain strengthening of joint joint mobilization therapuetic modalities custom fit mouth guard CAN BE REHABED |
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facial injuries |
madible fract mandibular luxation tmj dysfunction zygomatic complex frac maxillary fract facial lacerations |
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uncomplicated crown frac complicated crown frac root frac |
dentin &enamel fracture into pulp fracture through the root |
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tooth avulsion subluxation tooth luxation treatment |
knocked out pt feels no pain slightly loosened or totally dislodged shifted forward or back ward Noimmediate treatment is required for a subluxation Butathlete should be referred to a dentist within 48hours for an evaluation For aluxation, the tooth should be placedback to its original position if it is able to move easily. Theathlete should be referred as soon as possible to a dentist. (avulsion) |
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direct blow |
zygomatic complex fracture costochondral seperation &dislocation injury to the spleen |
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otitis externa (swimmers ear) S&S Treatment |
trapped water pain dizziness ithcing discharge partial hearing loss referre to physician medicated ear drops antibiotics |
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AURICULAR HEMATOMA*** |
Cauliflower ear (hematoma of the ear) common in boxing rugby and wrestling occurs in those who dont wear head gear hematoma present keloid apply cold pack @ first sight for 20 min drainage by a physician if keloid develop can only be surgically removed |
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corneal abrasion |
foreign objects in the eye severe pain and watering of the eye lid spasm of musculature of the eye lid patch eye apply fluorescein strip to affected area (turns area bright green) apply antibiotic cream |
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hyphema |
Collection of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye
Caused mainly from a blunt trauma Very serious eye injury Can lead to damage of the lens, choroid or retina Potential Irreversible vision damage Immediate Physician referral Bed rest with head elevated to 30-40 degrees, Patching of both eyes Medicated Eye Drops-Prevent inflammation Medication to reduce pressure of ant. Chamber Hemorrhaging usually absorbs within a few days |
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orbital heamtoma |
black eye |
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retinal detachment |
blow to the eye **curtain falling |
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orbital fracture |
eyeball is forced posteriorly Diplopia Restricted eye movement Downward displacement of the eye Numbness-From the infraorbital nerve xray antibiotics usual surgical intervention |
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women hernia men hernia |
femoral inguinal |
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appendicitis |
located on the right inflammation of appendix Mild to severe pain in the lower abdomen Nausea Vomiting Low grade fever Abdominal Cramps Localzied pain on the right side Palpation may reveal abdominal rigidity and tenderness at McBurney’s Point. (ASIS and umbilicus) |
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INJURY TO SPLEEN |
direct blow to UPPER QUADRANT ** ATHLETES SHOULDNT PARTICIPATE FOR 3WEEKS DUE TO 50% CHANCE OF SPLEENOMEGALY SIGNS OF SHOCK ABDOMINAL RIGIDITY NAUSEA VOMITING |
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KIDNEY CONTUSION |
lower abdominal region signs of shock nausea vomiting hematuria blood in urine look for blood in urine 14hr observation gradual flood intake surgery if hemorrhage fails to stop may require 2 weeks of bed rest and gradual RTP |
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hemorrhaging |
ruptured blood vessel |
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rib contusion |
direct blow x ray to rule out possible fracture REST ICE COMPRESSION RIB BELT |
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HEMOTHORAX |
presence of blood within the pleural cavity pain, difficulty breathing, cyanosis , dyspnea hemoptysis **MEDICAL EMERGENCY immediate physician attention hospital transport |
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type 1 diabetes S&S |
body doesn't produce insulin, juvenile diabetes found in ages under 35 5-10% cases Frequent urination Constant thirst Weight loss Constant hunger Tiredness and weakness Itchy, dry skin Blurred vision Elevated blood glucose levels after fasting for 8 hours 70 or lower |
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type 2 |
body does'nt use insuline properly PANCREAS makes extra insulin. Associated with obesity can occur in all age groups increased in younger individuals bc of obesity 80% of all cases 130 or higher |
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insulin shock |
too much insulin and too little blood sugar (hypoglcemic) tingling in mouth hands or other body parts physical weakness headaches abdominal pain shallow respiration rapid heartbeat tremors irritability drowsiness planned diet snack prior to exercise an during carry glucose packets or tablets |
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diabetic coma |
occurs when diabetes is not treated adequately through proper diet or too little insulin labored breathing fruity breath nausea and vomiting thirst dry mucous flushed skin mental confusion or unconsciousness early detection insulin injection |
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acute conjuctivites |
pink eye |
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convective conductive heat exchange |
weather touch something an it makes u hot |
