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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. Prevention
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It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed.
E factor= total waste (kg)/ product (kg) |
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2. Atom Economy
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Synthetic methods should be designed to maximise the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product
Atom economy= 100 x relative molecular mass of desired products/ relative molecular mass of all reactants |
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3. Less hazardous chemical synthesis
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Whenever practical, synthetic methodologies should be designed to use and generate substances that pose little or no toxicity to human health and environment
LC50= the concentration of the chemical that kills 50% of test animals LD50= the dose at which 50% of a group of animals are killed |
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4. Designing safer chemicals
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Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of the function while reducing toxicity
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5. Safer solvents and auxiliaries
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The use of auxiliary substances (e.g. solvents, separation agents, etc.) should be made unnecessary whenever possible and, when used, unnocuous
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6. Design for energy efficiency
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Energy requirements of chemical processes should be recognised for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimised. If possible, synthetic methods should be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure
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7. Use of renewable feedstock
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A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever technically and economically practical
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8. Reduce derivatives
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Unnecessary derivatisation (use of blocking groups, protection/ deprotection, temporary modification of physical/ chemical processes) should be minimised and avoided if possible, because such steps require additional reagents and can generate waste
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9. Catalysis
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Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichmetric reagents
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10. Design for degradation
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Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they break down into innocuous degradation products that do not persist in the environment
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11. Real-time analysis for pollution prevention
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Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real-time, in-process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances
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12. Inherently safer chemistry for accident prevention
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Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen to minimise the potential for chemical accidents including releases, explosions and fires
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