1: Basic Terms In Statistics

Front 1

Which is used more often, a sample or a population? Why?

Back 1

Sample is used more often because sample is a certain part of population and has less in group than the population , which is basically easy to deal with.

Front 2

What is a qualitative variable?

Back 2

"A variable which is not denoted as numerical but, with certain names or labels like tall, white, black. etc."

Front 3

What is a quantitative variable?

Back 3

" Variables that are measured in numeric values. for example,speed of car, yearly income, length of road etc."

Front 4

What are the four elements of descriptive statistical problems?

Back 4

"1.The population or sample of interest.

2. One or more variables to be investigated.

3. Tables, graphs or numerical summary tools.

4. Identification of patterns in the data."

Front 5

What are the five elements of inferential statistical problems?

Back 5

"1. The population or sample of interest.

2. One or more variables that are to be investigated.

3. The sample of population units.

4. The inference about the population based on information contained in the sample.

5. A measure of the reliability of the inference.

Front 6

What is the primary difference between an observational study and a designed experiment? Explain.

Back 6

" Observational study just observes the characteristics of particular population and individual samples without hampering to it. where as , designed experiment manipulate the sample. for example, They are 50 people sick in a town, Observational study observes the sickness but designed experiment finds out the types of sickness too in a detailed way."

Front 7

What do you mean by a representative sample ? illustrate.

Back 7

" A representative sample means a particular sample of a population whose exhibits the characteristics of the target population. For example, the coding style of a programmer whether he is a c++ of dot net or Java. any specialty in coding represents a programmer."

Front 8

when does selection bias results?

Back 8

"Selection bias results when a subset of the experimental units in the population is excluded so that these units have no chance of being selected in the sample."

Front 9

when does nonresponse bias results?

Back 9

"Non-response bias results when the researchers conducting a survey or study are unable to obtain data on all experimental units selected for the sample."

Front 10

what is measurement error?

Back 10

" Measurement error is inaccurancy in the values of the data recorded. In surveys, this kind of error may be due to ambiguous or leading questions and the inter-viewer's effect on the respondent."

Front 11

What are the three best methods of data collections?

Back 11

" 1. Published source.

2. Observational study.

3. Designed experiment. "

Front 12

Define descriptive statistics.

Back 12

"It's a kind of statistic which utilizes numerical and graphical methods to look for patterns , to summarize the information revealed , and to present that information of any data set in a convenient form."

Front 13

Define Inferential statistics.

Back 13

" It's a kind of statistic, which utilizes sample data to make estimates, decisions, predictions, or other generalization about a larger set of data." for example if 20 people out of 1000 are non smokers then, we can estimate 2% of the whole population is non-smokers."

Front 14

what is statistics? and why it is useful?

Back 14

" Statistics is basically science of data, which involves on collecting, classifying, summarizing, organizing, analyzing, presenting and interpreting numerical information." it is useful because it works as a microscope to deal and reveal the truth about any data."

Front 15

Define statistical thinking?

Back 15

"Statistical thinking can be defined as a philosophy of learning to utilize the action based on the principle which helps to turn input on to output, uncertainty to the certainty and exists in all processes."