*** A&p Review Questions

Front 1

What are the 4 pressures in the thoracic cavity?

Back 1

Atmospheric- air surrounding body

Intrapulmonary- in alveoli

Intrapleual- in the pleural cavity

Transpulmonary- keeps lung spaces open

Front 2

Plugged bronchioles which cause collapse of alveoli or pneumothorax

Back 2

Atelectasis

Front 3

Air in the pleural cavity

Back 3

Pneumothorax

Front 4

2 mechanical processes in pulmonary ventilation

Back 4

Inspiration: diaphram and intercoastal muscles

Expiration: quiet breathing

Front 5

Accessory respiratory muscles

Back 5

Valsalva maneuver: childbirth, urination, defecation, vomiting.

Non respiratory air movements: coughing, sneezing, crying, laughing, hiccups, yawning.

Front 6

3 laws in ventilation (B, C, D)

Back 6

Boyle's law: pressure inversely proportional to volume

Charles law: volume of gas directly proportional to temp.

Dalton's law: partial pressures of gases

Front 7

What law consists of gas mixtures, not law of ventilation

Back 7

Henry's law: gas mixtures in contact with liquid. Solubility and temp.

Front 8

3 factors influencing pulmonary ventilation

Back 8

1. Airway resistance: diameter of bronchioles. BRONCHODILATION= stim. by epinephrine & sympathetic stim. BRONCHOCONSTRICTION= stim. by histamine, parasympathetic nerves, cold air, chemical irritants.

2. Pulmonary compliance: ease that lungs can expand

3. Surface tension: surfactant

Front 9

Which cells produce surfactant?

Back 9

Type II alveolar cells

Front 10

What causes infant inspiratory distress syndrome?

Back 10

Insufficient quantity of surfactant

Front 11

What are the 4 respiratory volumes?

Back 11

1. Tidal volume: volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle during quiet breathing.

2. Inspiratory reserve volume: air in excess of TV that can be inhaled w/ max. effort.

3. Expiratory reserve volume: air in excess of TV that can be exhaled w/ max. effort.

4. Residual volume: air remaining in lungs after max. expiration

Front 12

Averages for respiratory volumes

Back 12

1. Tidal volume: 500ml

2. Inspiratory reserve volume: 3000ml

3. Expiratory reserve volume: 1200ml

4. Residual volume: 1300ml

Front 13

4 respiratory capacities

Back 13

1. Vital capacity: total amount of air that can be inhaled then exhaled w/ max. effort.

2. Inspiratory capacity: max. amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration.

3. Functional residual capacity: amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration.

4. Total lung capacity: max. amount of air the lungs can contain

Front 14

Averages for respiratory capacities

Back 14

1. Vital capacity: 4700ml

2. Inspiratory capacity: 3500ml

3. Functional residual capacity: 2500ml

4. Total lung capacity: 6000ml

Front 15

Measurement of ventilation, measures volume and capacities, rate and depth of breathing, speed of expiration and rate of O2 consumption

Back 15

Spirometer

Front 16

Pulmonary function tests can test

Back 16

Obstructive pulmonary disease: increased airway resistance (bronchitis), TLC, FRC, RV may increase.

Restrictive disorders: reduced TLC, FRC, RV, VC declines.

Front 17

Pulmonary function tests that measure rate of gas movements

Back 17

Forced vital capacity: amount of gas forcibly expelled after taking a deep breath.

Forced expiratory volume: amount of gas expelled during specific time interval of FVC.

Front 18

What is alveolar ventilation rate, what is minute ventilation?

Back 18

Alveolar ventilation rate: Flow of gases into and out of alveoli during particular time. Better indicator of effective ventilation.

Minute ventilation: total amount of gas that flows into and out of respiratory tract in one minute. Only rough estimate of respiratory efficiency.

Front 19

Inspiration/expiration vs perfusion/respiration

Back 19

Inspiration/expiration= movement of air into lungs.

Perfusion/respiration= transfer of air from lungs to blood (internal/external respiration)

Front 20

Internal/external respiration

Back 20

Internal respiration: diffusion of gases between blood and tissues.

Tissue PO2 is always lower than in arterial blood PO2.

Tissue PCO2 is always higher than arterial blood PCO2.

External respiration: diffusion of gases between blood and lungs. Involves ventilation-perfusion coupling: perfusion= BF reaching alveoli, controlled by PO2, changing diameters of arterioles. Ventilation= amount of gas reaching alveoli, controlled by PCO2, changing diameters of bronchioles.

Front 21

At what atm can O2 be breathed safely?

Back 21

2atm.

Front 22

Pulmonary disease that reduces alveolar surface area

Back 22

Emphysema

Front 23

When ventilation is less than perfusion, when ventilation is greater than perfusion

Back 23

When ventilation is less than perfusion: pulmonary arterioles serving these alveoli CONSTRICT. decreased ventilation and decreased perfusion.

When ventilation is greater than perfusion: pulmonary arterioles serving these alveoli DIALATE. Increased ventilation and increased perfusion.

Front 24

In O2 transport, what % is dissolved in plasma and what % is loosely bound to each FE of hemoglobin in RBCs?

Back 24

1.5% dissolved in plasma

98.5% loosely bound to each FE of hemoglobin in RBCs.

Front 25

In O2 transport, how many O2 per Hb?

Back 25

4 O2 per Hb

Front 26

Oxyhemoglobin

Back 26

Hemoglobin - O2 combination

Front 27

Reduced hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin)

Back 27

Hemoglobin that has released O2

Front 28

Unloading of O2, factors that influence hemoglobin saturation

Back 28

PO2, temp., blood PH, PCO2, concentration of BPG.

Front 29

Venous reserve

Back 29

O2 remaining in venous blood that can still be used (Hb is still 75% saturated)

Front 30

Hypoxia

Back 30

Inadequate O2 delivery to tissues, based on the cause, can lead to cyanosis

Front 31

4 types of hypoxia

Back 31

1. Anemic hypoxia: too few RBCs or abnormal/too little Hb.

2. Ischemic hypoxia: impaired or blocked circulation.

3. Hypoxemic hypoxia: cells unable to use O2 as in metabolic poisons.

4. Carbon monoxide poisoning: esp. from fire, Hb has 200x greater affinity for carbon monoxide than O2.

Front 32

What are the 3 ways CO2 is transported?

Back 32

* 7-10% dissolved in plasma

* 20% bound to globin of HB (carbaminohemoglobin)

* 70% transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in plasma

Front 33

What does the carbon acid-bicarbonate buffer system do?

Back 33

Helps blood resist changes in pH (H+ concentrations)

Front 34

How do changes in respiratory rate and depth affect blood pH?

Back 34

* Slow, shallow breathing cause increase in CO2 in blood, resulting in decrease of pH.

* Deep breathing causes decrease in CO2, resulting in increase of pH.

- Breathing plays major role in acid base balance

Front 35

Where does transport and exchange of CO2 occur?

Back 35

Primarily in RBCs where carbon anhydrase reversibly and rapidly catalyzes reaction.

CO2 combines with water to form carbonic acid (HCO3) which quickly dissolves.

Front 36

What is the chloride shift?

Back 36

In transport and exchange of CO2, an outrush of HCO3- from RBCs is balanced as Cl- moves into RBCs from plasma.

- in systemic capillaries, after HCO3- is created, it quickly diffuses from RBCs into plasma.

- in pulmonary capillaries, the processes occur in reverse, and diffuse into alveoli.

Front 37

What areas 3 main controls of respiration?

Back 37

Involves higher brain centers, chemoreceptorsa and other reflexes.

- neural controls: neurons in medulla and Pons.

- medullary respiratory centers:

- ventral respiratory group: rhythm generating and integrative center. Sets up eupnea. Its inspiratory neurons excite inspiratory muscles via PHRENIC (diaphram) and intercostal nerves.

- dorsal respiratory group: near root of cranial nerve IX, integrates input from peripheral stretch and chemoreceptors, send information to VRG.

- pontine respiratory centers: neurons here influence and modify activity to VRG only.

Front 38

What is hyperventilation, what is hypocapnia and hypercapnia?

Back 38

Hyperventilation: increased depth and rate of breathing that exceeded body's need to remove CO2. Lead to:

Hypocapnia: pCO2 less than 37mmHg. Most commonn cause of alkalosis. decreased CO2 levels which causes cerebral vasoconstriction and ischemia. Dizziness, fainting. Treatment= breathing into paper bag, increasing CO2.

Hypercapnia: pCO2 greater than 43mmHg. Most common cause of acidosis.

Front 39

What is alkalosis and acidosis?

Back 39

Alkalosis: blood pH higher than 7.45

Acidosis: blood pH lower than 7.35